Legacy Fighter Aircraft Upgrades and New Stealth Fighters Research Paper

Legacy Fighter Aircraft Upgrades and New Stealth Fighters - Research Paper Example 563; Collier & Ankle, 2002, p. 13). While terror seemed to be seeped within regional efforts supported by allied forces to weaken the perceived enemies, however, there is perceived military imbalance in strategic geographic region where US military’s power seemed bit nil, if not weak, but is nonetheless complemented with diplomatic relations, such as those security threat cases posed by China and of North Korea in Asia. The odds of denuclearization efforts and hazy economic-political climate within the region as well as the sustaining movements in the Arab countries remained both a threat and opportunity for the US forces to rethink about the need to upgrade the capacities for warfare (Collier & Hoeffler, 2006, p. 89; Deger & Sen, 1983, p. 67; Harbom & Wallensteen, 2007, p. 623; Reynal-Querol, 2005, pp. 445) In the last decade, US forces have been focused in combating terror groups in Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, and in working with reformists’ organization within the Arab region with hope to change the system and make it more liberal in its trading relation. However, amid these challenging turn of events, there are also intrinsic realities posed by Pentagon about the need of the military aviation forces to scale up its defence or operational system, such as upgrading of its its USAF fighter platforms from F-22 to new F-35s, as well as by upgrading the aerodynamics or aircraft systems. In this project, the researcher will determine the (a) prices of the F-35s and the cost of upgrading its aerodynamic systems, (b) the capacity of the US government and military agency to allocate budget for these projects, and (c) the consideration of the legislators on the fiscal requirements for this upgrade. Data Collection This is a qualitative research that will investigate the requirement in upgrading the military aviation forces of US and to hopefully embark comparative details of these matters with consideration of the current deliberation of the needs and cost analysis of the upgrade. Qualitative study will rely in primary and secondary sources that can be lifted from interviews, reports, publications, magazines and online information. The study will help elucidate the prospect and consequence of plan to upgrade the military aviation system. Data gathered will be reviewed, collated and evaluated to arrive at a reasonable conclusion that may (or may not) aid the decision-making of the legislations and authorities in Pentagon. The researchers evaluate the information based on historical records, plans of the DoD, and budget schedules as well as its estimates (GAO, 2012). Test reports were also considered including the risk information of the new capabilities (GAO, 2012). Data Analysis Last month, July of 2013, the Department of Defence of the United Sates announced of forging an agreement to purchase 71 F-35 fighter jets from Lockheed Martin at a lower cost of 4% less than the original prices for stealth and radar evading fighter jets but discounts will only be for 36 units and another 8% less for the remaining 35 units (Drew, 2013). Reports mentioned that the cost, including the ancillary facilities, are pegged at $7 billion per unit thus, state authorities require the reduction of the cost while other cost analysts outside the government batted that the cost would be rising still. The high costs and the anent problems associated in the acquisition have also discouraged other Pentagon officials and thought of scrapping

Academic Cultur in the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Cultur in the movie - Essay Example Then, there is the point when Mike and Sulley are failed in the final exam by the Dean who claims that Sulley is not serious in his studies, and Mike does not have the qualities of a scarer. The aspects of academic integrity in the movie are shown when a team is disqualified after it violates rules in the Scare Games. This enables the Oozma Kappa team, of which Mike and Sulley are members, to advance despite having finished last in that particular round of the challenge. The academic culture at Monsters University is synonymous to universities today since students are expected to take their studies seriously in order to earn their grades. Integrity is also a serious issue because just like a team was disqualified after violating rules, students in universities today are penalised for cheating in exams. Further, in universities today, students join fraternities that supplement their major

Britain and the League of Nations Before WWII

Britain and the League of Nations Before WWII Why Was Britain So Ill-Prepared for War in 1939? Consequences of WWI The representatives of the states that met at Versailles in the first half of 1919 were confronted by a world in deep turmoil. The war was over but it appeared that a significant threat still remained in the form of the rapid spread of bolshevism. Right wing governments were springing up in Eastern Europe, and the victors of the war were worried.[1] A reaction to this, and as something of a punishment to Germany, was the redrawing of borders throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Huge swathes of various nations ware effectively removed and annexed by a neighbouring state. Germany’s eastern frontier, for example, was moved far to the west of its previous position, removing part of Silicia, West Prussia and Posses from German control and given to neighbouring states. Germany was not the only state to suffer, however, Russia lost vast areas of land in the west and Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania became independent states.[2] This realignment of Europe was widely unpopular and provided some of the seeds for future conflict, it was only achievable through the new instrument if international diplomacy, the League of Nations. The mandate of this new league was to maintain peace in Europe. Refusal to abide by the dictates of the league would result in economic or military sanctions; the main problem was that the league did not directly command any troops and its actions required the unanimous consent of all members. Great Britain, after the deprivations of the First World War, seemed little interested in getting too heavily involved in the affairs of its European allies and hoped the League would essentially remove that responsibility. Britain showed such revulsion at the prospect of another (or further) was that in 1919 Winston Churchill, former First Lord of the Admiralty, persuaded the British government to adopt a rule whereby â€Å"for the purpose of framing the (defence) estimates, (it should be assumed) that at any given date there will be no major war for 10 years.†[3] This so called ten year rule was officially renewed every year until 1932, and even then Britain took now significant steps towards rearmament until 1937. This ten year rule meant that if war was to break out in Europe again, Britain was certain to be caught unprepared. Hitler Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 on the back of deep resentment of the treatment of Germany by the western allies at the end of the First World War. In 1934 he had been shown a demonstration of the potential of the new tank arm that was being developed in secret by Guderian,[4] and by the following year three panzer divisions were under construction.[5] By 1935 his power base was strong enough for him to renounce the clauses of the treaty of Versailles that limited the German army to 100,000 men; he reintroduced conscription and decreed the creation of the Luftwaffe, banned by Versailles.[6] By 1936 Hitler has negotiates a treaty with Britain that allowed him to build U-boats and he sent troops to unilaterally occupy the demilitarised Rhineland. In 1937 the new German army had 37 infantry divisions and three panzer divisions, in comparison to the seven allowed by Versailles, a total strength of three million men, the following year saw the strength of the newly formed Lu ftwaffe at 3350 (zero in 1932).[7] While obvious rearmament was underway in Germany, and the French were building the Maginot line (clearly expecting and preparing for ‘static’ trench warfare) along the border with Germany, the British steadfastly refused to re-arm, believing in the principle of the ten year rule. The economic situation in Great Britain was poor after WWI, unemployment was high and the economy generally was performing very poorly indeed. This situation was not at all aided by the great depression that developed with stunning rapidity in the United States. This can be juxtaposed with the booming German economy where unemployment had fallen from five and a half million to less than one million under Hitler,[8] it is perhaps not too surprising that Britain felt ill equipped financially or perhaps emotionally after the deprivations of trench warfare) to rearm or resist German expansion until it was too late. Failure of the League of Nations The great hope of the British (and to a very large extent of the other western powers) was that any potential for future conflict in Europe would be obviated by the League of Nations; this was its very reason for existing in the first place. A series of devastating setbacks for the League essentially exposed its impotence. Mussolini’s invasion of Abasynnia in 1935 (a member of the league), was met with economic sanctions at the behest of the British, but this only drove the Italians into Hitler’s arms (a long time admirer of Mussolini). The next crisis for, and failure of, the League came the following year: misrule in Spain led to an uprising by General Franco. The government were supported by Russian troops and Franco by Italians. Taking this opportunity Hitler entered into an anti-communist treaty with the government of Japan, and as it became apparent that Franco was winning the civil war, and while the attentions of the world were elsewhere, he annexed Austria;[9] two weeks later the Sudetenland. This series of seriously mishandled crises demonstrated that the League of Nations was totally ill equipped to perform a peace keeping role in Europe and it disintegrated. Britain’s (and Churchill’s faith in the League and the ten year plan had been seriously flawed). Britain Re-arms – Treasury Resists The main consequence for the British and the French of the events of 1935-6 was a sudden realisation that rearmament was required, and quickly. The situations in Abasynnia, Spain and Germany clearly demonstrated the, at best, inability, and at worst incompetence of the League of Nations. The only possible conclusion for the British by the mid 1930’s was that the only way to deter aggression, and future war, was with a significant military presence. Baldwin had been elected to office in Britain the back of a promise to rearm. British public opinion, then, was in favour of rearmament, but political leaders remained strangely opposed. By 1936 the military budget was increased to  £136 million, but this was still only half of that of Germany, and they newly created post of Minister of Public Defence was given to the weak Sir Thomas Inskip rather than someone like Churchill.[10] This new post had been described simply as a â€Å"treasury break on the demands of the service†,[11] which is to say a means of keeping down military expenditure. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Chamberlain firmly believed that the economy was the fourth branch of the armed services. He believed that economic stability was of prime importance and that it could not be put at risk in order to rearm the country. He believed that economic strength would act as a deterrent to any potential enemy and that financial strength could enable the nation to purchase any military equipment it may need as and when required, thus permanent rearmament was not deemed a priority.[12] Chamberlain in fact argued that the economy simply could not bear the strain of rearmament. His military logic was seriously and obviously flawed, be argued that id Germany made war in the east, this was simply too far away for the British to do anything about it, and if the invaded France or the Low Countries, the British would not be able to react fast enough, therefore a large standing army was not necessary.[13] There were also serious strategic discussions in Britain at the time; should rearmament be based on land forces or on the navy and air force. Some believed in the magical power of the newly developing air forces. General John Burnett-Stuart[14] argued that an appropriately large and well equipped air force could far better perform the role of the expeditionary force in protecting the Low Countries and indeed in winning a war with far less risk of loss of life.[15] Britain, then, was in serious disarray as to what strategy to pursue, and was not given the financial backing to pursue any strategy fully. Strategy Blitzkrieg The question may presuppose that Britain was ill prepared in simply practical terms, be they military or economic, but there is far more to the question that this. Britain, and indeed every one else in the world, was seriously ill prepared for war in 1939 in terms of strategic thinking as well. It has often been noted that large wars begin with the strategy of the last major war; this was not the case in World War II. World War I had effectively began with Napoleonic tactics that developed into static, and devastating, trench warfare. The building of the Maginot line by the French is a strong indication that a future was (i.e. WWII) would again be a static war in the mould of trench warfare.[16] The Germans, however, had other ideas. Heinz Guderian had fought in WWI and seen the stupidity of trench warfare, and the potential of the tank if properly utilised. During the inter war years he developed a strategy of mobile warfare,[17] later to become infamously known as blitzkrieg,[18] lightening war. He came to believe, and persuaded Hitler of the same, (as noted briefly above) that the panzer, utilised in massed formations, could act as a hammer and smash a hole through the enemies’ defensive line. Following this initial action (to be preceded by artillery bombardments and air strikes) the fast moving panzer divisions,[19] along with mechanised infantry units,[20] could stream through this gap in the line and drive quickly deep into enemy territory, seriously disrupting their lines of communication and supply. These units could then be used to encircle slow moving (or static) enemy infantry. Conclusion This new strategy, new philosophy, was the second strand to Britain’s unpreparedness (and indeed everyone else’s too). For one of the few times in history, Germany entered the war with an entirely new philosophy, one for which their entire armed forced had been forged and developed to utilise with devastating effect. The British, French, Russians etc. were utterly unprepared for an offensive of the scale that Hitler launched, or for the tactics that were being employed. In every campaign, highlighted spectacularly in Poland, the Low Countries and France, the Wehrmacht were capable of moving far faster than the allies could counter. I have tried to argue throughout this brief essay that Britain was not the only nation to be ill prepared for war with Germany in 1939. The lack of preparation was partly due to poorly placed faith in the League of Nations and in the ten year plan, but also on an unwillingness to properly invest in the armed forces until it was too late to deter war. The allies were also utterly unprepared for the new kind of warfare brought by the Germans and it is this final point that leads to the conclusion that even if funding had been available and rearmament had taken place much earlier, would it have made a difference given the vastly superior strategy and technology employed by the Wehrmacht. Bibliography C. Barnett (ed.), Hitler’s Generals (London 1989) J. F. C. Fuller, Decisive Battles of the Western World and their Influence Upon History: vol III (London 1956) H. Guderian, Achtung-Panzer (Berlin 1937) D. Kagan, On the Origins of War (London 1995) J. Keegan, A History of Warfare (London 1993) K. Macksey, Guderian: Panzer General (London 1975) C. Messenger, The Art of Blitzkrieg (London 1976) A. J. P. Taylor, English History: 1914-1945 (Oxford 1965) Footnotes [1] Kagan, 1995, 285. [2] Kagan, 1995, 287. [3] Keegan, 1993, 366. [4] More on Guderian later. [5] Barnett, 1989, 444-5 [6] Keegan, 1993, 367. [7] Keegan, 1993, 368. [8] Fuller, 1956, 369. [9] Fuller, 1956, 371. [10] Kagan, 1995, 367. [11] Taylor, 1965, 390. [12] Kagan, 1995, 370-1. [13] Kagan, 1995, 371. [14] Kagan, 1995, 3. [15] This is an idea that seems somewhat ahead of its time, the first time this occurred (an air force essentially winning a war) was the first Gulf War of 1991. [16] Guderian, 1937, 36-38. [17] Macksay, 1965, 57-79. [18] Messenger, 1976. [19] Guderian, 1937, 167-170. [20] Guderian, 1937, 171-173.

Odyssey Essay -- essays research papers

The Odyssey is an epic composed by Homer, an early Greek storyteller. This epic was the basis for Greek and Roman education. Epics are long poems marked by adventure. The main character in an epic is an epic hero. The epic hero is a figure of great stature and may be a character from history or legend. Epic heroes’ most remarkable traits are usually the ones most valued by the society from which the epic came. The main character in this epic is Odysseus. Odysseus is on a quest to find his home after a war. Odysseus is an epic hero. An epic hero exhibits great leadership qualities. One of these qualities is having aplomb in critical times. This is exemplified when Odysseus is trapped in the cave of the Cyclops, a giant one-eyed monster. The Cyclops puts a stone unmovable by Odysseus and his men in front of the entrance to the cave. While most men would have lost their composure, Odysseus remains calm and rational. He thinks of a brilliant way to escape the cave of the Cyclops in a time of tension. Odysseus, referring to an olive tree, says: â€Å"I hewed it again to make a stake with a pointed end.† He carves an olive tree into a stake as a weapon against the Cyclops. This also demonstrates Odysseus’ resourcefulness, which is another leadership quality. Odysseus comes up with a way to escape the cave with very little available. He hides under the bellies of sheep from the Cyclops as they leave to escape the cave. Odysseus’ resourcefulness helps him escape from the giant Cycl...

Impact of Social Class on Australians’ Life Chances Essay

Sociologists will define class as categories in the society which are based on income, status, or the way they are viewed by the society. A Marxist analysis on the other hand features on the level of influence an individual has on the means of production. Matthews (2007) further defines a capitalist class which he says that it is the class that owns and controls most of the productive capital in the society. He says that in Australia, this class amounted to 5 % of the entire population in the year 1998. Theories have been developed about class that has resulted to numerous and conflicting ideas and researchers had to shift from using class as a theoretical framework for research. The dismissal of class analysis of various societal institutions as dogmatic, and ideological led McLaren & Farahmandpur to state that â€Å"matters of class power are sanitized and its powerful effects on the life chances of working-class students is denuded or made invisible,† (Pearce, Down & Moore 2008, para. 2). In Australia, about two thirds of the population is in the working class. These are people whose only productive asset is the ability to work. They sell their labour power to their employers who can range from the state, individual capitalists among others, in order to receive a wage which will enable them make ends meet. Another popular class is the middle class which can be said to be composed of individuals who own small businesses. They rely on their own labour power to produce output. They are however being driven away and into bankruptcy by large capital firms. There still exists the ruling class; they carry more social weight and power than the rest of the citizens. They have a direct influence on economic policies being developed in the nation. They support politicians and government, politically and financially. The state can also be categorized in this class as it is responsible for making and implementation of the law (Matthews 2007). Impact to Education There exists inequality in the access of university education, underachievement in education correlates negatively with the social class. Children from low-income families have limited access to educational resources. Their parents rarely get enough time to help them with their day to day challenges at school as they are so much occupied in their work places. They work even over time in order to sustain their families. Some parents in the working class lack education and therefore they would be of little help to help their children in doing their homework, they would also not be in a position to afford employing tutors and this affects their children’s education (Taylor & Fraser 2003). Expectations on the working-class students are that they should conform to the middle-class. They thus seek to achieve this status and power mostly not for their own gain but in order to improve the life chances of others in the similar background. They are more focused in giving back to the community in which they originated rather than seeking their improvement in form of class status. A strong sense of solidarity is evident in these students as they have an increased desire to use their qualifications and professional status to achieve a better life for themselves and others who are like them. They have a passion to bridge the gap between the two classes which they believe that a lot has still to be done as the inequality gap is too large (Lins-Dyer & Nucci 2007). The discriminatory education system has unquantifiable damages that are done to individuals and the society at large. People have been left behind in the system, others have been discouraged while yet a quite good proportion has been excluded from the system. It would not be unrealistic to claim that social and economic damage is being done through educational discrimination. When â€Å"Professor Janet McCalman analysed the places where those in the Australian who’s who 1988 went to school,† it was clear that these leaders in business professions and politics went to the older private schools (Moorhouse 2010, p. 1). McGregor (1997), views being in the working-class as being equal to being underprivileged, he asserts that people in this class earn and own less, their access to life privileges is minimal as they have poorer education and other goods from the society. In general, the opportunity that they have for good life is such minimal that with a very small degree of error, we can claim that equal opportunity does not exist in Australia. Impact to Health It is no wonder that health outcomes really vary with the social class. The characteristics of different social classes can be depicted by a view on Morbidity and mortality rates. The lower class shows a greater array of lower mortality rates and greater health problems (Greig, Lewins & White, 2003). These differences are very clear and distinct at birth and throughout the human life cycle. Henry (2001) identifies domains in which health disparity issues differ by the social class. They include psychological domain which contains norms habits, and behavioural intentions. The other is listed as behavioural constraints which include economic resources and situational effects. Physical influences that include physiological stress, genetic dispositions and environmental conditions Behavioural constraints involve barriers that prevent one from engaging in health promoting behaviour. These inhibitors are listed by Henry (2001) as economic resources and situation constraints. Economic resources inhibitors are financial limitations that prevent individuals from obtaining health facilities goods, while situational constraints are factors that limit the access to these health facilities. They range from lack of adequate health facilities in the community, poor transportation or lack of proper time management in the utility of such services. Physical influences on the other hand are the conditions which impact physiological health directly. He groups them into environmental conditions, physiological stress and genetics A decline in the health is observed as one move down the classes. The middle class  Public awareness and educational programs can be developed to ensure that health equality is maintained. Social class has taken a critical point in the studies of health, the coronary heart disease for instance had been considered as a disease for the upper class. On the other hand, the lower class (working-class) have been found to have prevalent lower life expectancy, higher mortality rates and increased mental disorders. Inequality in income brings about psychosocial stress which is a factor that increases the mortality rate; it has become apparent that mental illness prevalence has been found among the working class. A direct relationship has been identified to exist between poverty and increase in emotional disturbance. This has led to an increase of psychiatric disorders, drug and alcohol dependence on the working class (Murali & Oyebode 2004). According to The Demography of Medical Schools, 59% of applicants in medical school usually come from high social classes. This makes us suspect that a discriminatory rule is being used in the medical institutions. However, admissions procedures in these schools seem to favour certain social classes in comparison to others. Requirements such as previous experience in a hospital are being considered for some medical school administration. This curtails the number of students enrolling to such schools as it proves cumbersome to attain such qualifications for most people in the working class. The access to opportunities has been limited for many students and this explains the reason why such patterns of students’ enrolment are being reflected (The Medical News 2004). The nature of the working class has really changed in Australia with over 65% of the work force being employed in the white-collar jobs. In fact if by defining the working-class as those who have not attended university education, then it can be said that Australia has graduated to the middle-class. It is surprising to note that the vast majority of white-collar jobs holders are part of the working-class. They have less control of their work which is even lower than that of blue-collar workers, consequently implying lower wages (Castles 1994). It is very clear that in Australia class has direct consequences on lifestyle. It affects the access to education and status attainment. A child raised in middle-class is more likely to end up in this middle class and the trend would be similar for a child raised in the middle-class. As we move up the social class, we are able to meet better health, education and other social facilities, which are transmitted to children. The trend thus seems to be perpetuated to future generations. A research conducted by Taylor and Fraser (2003) indicates the existence of a gap between children living in the different classes. The working class end up having stress in Parents relationships as they are unable to provide impeccable opportunities for their children. Children have in fact confessed that class is a factor that lead to social seclusion in academic life, and a contributing factor for educational disadvantage. Life’s chances are in this case affected by the mere fact that one belongs to a certain class that is either favoured or not by circumstances that prevail in the society. In Australia the government together with other institutions should be concerned and implement policies that would narrow the gap that exist between the various social classes. Such policies should focus on issues of adequate family income which will ensure that families have adequate resources to cater for the needs of their children and provide adequate opportunities for them, the welfare of workers should also be taken care of to ensure that each worker gets adequate time to attend to the family needs. In the school setting, policies should be developed to ensure that educational disadvantage has been reduced, and the cost of public education to be maintained as low as possible, to offer equal opportunities for children in all classes.  Affordable assistance should be accorded to specific children with learning difficulties in order to enhance excellence at all levels (Taylor & Fraser 2003). Conclusion In conclusion it is very clear that Australia is faced with inequalities and other factors that enhance or inhibit opportunities that are available to children growing in this nation. There exists a challenge which should be looked at by all the policy makers in private and public enterprises, in order to ensure that the life chances of the children are not affected unfairly by the mere fact of belonging to a certain class.

Computer programm essay Essay

Computers have brought about a revolution across all industries. They have changed the face of society. They are no longer specialized tools to be used by specially trained people. They are ubiquitous and used in almost every sphere of life. Computers are the best means for storage and management of data, they can serve as huge knowledge bases and can be harnessed for all sorts of financial transactions owing to their processing power and storage capacities. As computers are a daily utility, they have gained immense importance in day-to-day life. Their increasing utility has made computer education the need of the day. By computer education, we mean, gaining the know-how of the basic concepts related to a computer and gaining the basic knowledge of computer operation. Knowing about the basic components of a computer, the basic concepts behind the use of computers and the know-how of some of the elementary computer applications constitutes computer education. Learning about the computer basics followed by a practical experience of using a computer is the key to computer education. As computers are widely used today, acquiring computer education is the need of the day. Computers are not only storage devices and processing units, but also are excellent communication media. They are the means to access the Internet and get connected to the world. They are also an effective audio-visual media. Computers can be used to access a vast knowledge base and search for information archives over the Internet. Only computer education can facilitate the use of computers for purposes of communication and entertainment. Computer knowledge coupled with certain other job skills increases one’s chances of getting a job. Those with knowledge of computers are considered trainable for many kinds of jobs. As most of the jobs involve the use of computers, computer education is an eligibility criterion for almost all the modern-day jobs. Higher education involving network administration, hardware maintenance or software skills open doors for brighter job opportunities. Computer education helps one manage one’s own business assets and personal  finances. Computers serve as efficient means for management of information. Personal financial assets, medical records and important documents can be stored in an electronic format in a computer system. Today, banking transactions and payments of bills can be done over the Internet. Similarly, online shopping is becoming widely popular. To be in the race, it is very important to take computer education. The word processing applications of a computer serve as an effective means of documentation. The database management software that are a part of computer systems serve as the means of managing large amounts of data. The networking capabilities of a computer facilitate connecting to the Internet to reach out to the world. Gaming applications and media players are some of the popular computer software, which are popularly used across the world. Computers, which have such a wide variety of applications, are indeed ruling society. To keep up the pace in this fast life of today, computer education is extremely important. Computers are an integral part of life and so is computer education! Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/importance-of-computer-education.html

Illegal Immigration Problem essays

Illegal Immigration Problem essays Since the New World was first discovered, there has been an enormous influx of people from various parts of the world and differing cultures who have wished to resettle in what is now the United States. Of course, these immigrants have historically arrived in the United States in waves, with different portions of the globe and different ethnicities being represented in each individual wave. Yet, one characteristic that has remained constant over the history of immigration in the United States is the general apprehensiveness with which new immigrants have been welcomed by the established culture and society. Although the issue of immigration amnesty has been debated for centuries, it still remains one of the most hotly contested and influential topics in modern public debate. The current wave of immigrants is largely represented by people from Mexico, along with several other Central American nations. Since, unlike in the past, these immigrants are capable of entering the United States over land, a significant portion of them have entered this country without the legal consent of American authorities. The arrival of these illegal immigrants has generated a number of social and economic problems, along with many cross-cultural and cross-racial tensions. According to some, the only reasonable way to address these problems is to crack-down on illegal immigration and stop it at its source. According to others, allowing illegal immigrants amnesty is the appropriate way to handle the social problems that their illegal status has created. Overall, many of the problems that have been introduced to the fabric of American life and the United States economy are a direct result of the necessarily covert lives illegal immigrants are forced to live. No one disputes that the existence of so many illegal immigrants in the United States creates a large workforce willing to work for wages far below what legal citizens are afforded by law. The qu...

Conjugate Base - Chemistry Definitions Terms

Conjugate Base - Chemistry Definitions Terms Conjugate Base Definition The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory includes the concepts of conjugate acids and conjugate bases. When an acid dissociates into its ions in water, it loses a hydrogen ion. The species that is formed is the acids conjugate base. A more general definition is that a conjugate base is the base member, X-, of a pair of compounds that transform into each other by gaining or losing a proton. The conjugate base is able to gain or absorb a proton in a chemical reaction. The conjugate acid donates the proton or hydrogen in the reaction. In an acid-base reaction, the chemical reaction is: Acid Base â‡Å' Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid Key Takeaways: Conjugate Base Conjugate acids and bases are part of the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases.According to this theory, the species that donates a hydrogen cation or proton in a reaction is a conjugate acid, while the remaining portion or the one that accepts a proton or hydrogen is the conjugate base.The conjugate base may be recognized as an anion. Conjugate Base Examples The  general chemical reaction between a conjugate acid and a conjugate base is: HX H2O ↔ X− H3O In an acid-base reaction, you can recognize the conjugate base because it is an anion. For hydrochloric acid (HCl), this reaction becomes: HCl H2O ↔ Cl− H3O Here, the chloride anion, Cl−, is the conjugate base. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 forms two conjugate bases as hydrogen ions are successively removed from the acid: HSO4- and SO42-.

A Hypothesis Is a Claim

, The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance A Hypothesis Is a Claim , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance

Learning For Students in Clinical Practice Essay

Learning For Students in Clinical Practice - Essay Example The NMC contends that the stage 2 mentor can only achieve maximum individual potential amongst his or her students by facilitating the selection of appropriate learning strategies to integrate learning from practice and academic experience and supporting student in critically reflecting upon their experiences in future learning (Clay and Wade, 2001, p. 213). The following essay breaks down and discusses these two responsibilities critically in a clinical practice context. How Mentors Can Effectively Facilitate Learning For Students In Clinical Practice First, a stage 2 mentor should facilitate a relationship that is conducive to nursing with his or her students (Clauson, Wejr, Frost, Mcrae, and Straight, 2011, p. 315). Research findings on the impacts of the clinical setting for education have concentrated on human interactions instead of physical situations. The same findings indicate that clinical surroundings influence learning. For instance, students of clinical practice who had a place for carrying out their meetings and storing their possessions felt like the learning setting was welcoming and respectful. This frame of mind extended to the clinical personnel at the clinical practice setting. Consequently, a student who feels welcomed and respected by clinical personnel will reflect the same attitudes towards his or her classmates and patients. In addition, the feeling of being a crucial participant of a group raises inspiration to learn. These feelings and attitudes are achievable through the effective facilitation of student learning by mentors.

Compare and Contrast Two Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare and Contrast Two Readings - Essay Example These advertisements also present men as sexual objects, in much the same way as women have often been portrayed. In some instances, the homophobic population may detect some gay undertones to these ads, however, all in all, they portray the male form in a way which is more sexually suggestive than its usual portrayal. In the same theme of male-themed advertisements, the article by Gladwell discusses the difficulties which are often seen in coming up with advertisements which are appealing to men. This article provides ideas on how Levi’s was able to appeal to the male population by considering activities, conversations, topics, and even random things which were more appropriate to the male crowd. Both articles presented a discussion on how advertisements can appeal differently to men and to women, and how the differences among males and females can often dictate the direction and the power of these ads. For companies who can capitalize on these differences, the profits would likely flow well and for a long period of time. Oftentimes, the stereotypes assigned to men and women can work well for advertisers and in some instances, tapping into the specific persona of a man or a woman can effectively reduce the gap between the seller and the

Application to Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Application to - Personal Statement Example I attended my high school education at Olympiad Junior high school where my mathematics journey started. During my high school experience, I got the first prize after emerging the winner in the National Mathematics of Olympiad Competition. Since then, I have grown up to realize that mathematics is not only theorems or forums but it has taught me how to think in a logical process. After my high school education, I joined China Agricultural University for a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering in agriculture. It took me two years and two months between May two thousand and eight and July two thousand and ten. In the course of this time, I received a scholarship for an outstanding student. I managed to learn a lot in mathematics during my first two years of study in agricultural engineering. It is the same time I began to learn how to apply mathematics in life. For example, the power of math in solving engineering problems and the basic terminologies, logarithms and theorems he lped in building up my solid foundation. Finance is always my interest, which goes in, the same line with mathematics. For me, finance alongside mathematics is a tool for making money from money. I got this knowledge from my parents who have heavily invested in the stock market. They helped me to invest my pocket money by which I was able to win my first profit at the age of eighteen years. Due to my passion in mathematics, I transferred from China to United States since I wanted to pursue the best educational resource in the world. The other reason why I transferred is that I wanted to major in mathematics, which was not available at China Agricultural University. China and United States experience different climatic conditions and culture. I was able to cope up quickly with the new destination because of my resilience. I have worked in several institutions that deal with computation skills. In Washington DC, I worked with HIS Global

Case Study- The man who said no to Wal-Mart Study

- The man who said no to Wal-Mart - Case Study Example Almost no matter what you're selling, the gravitational force of Wal-Mart's 3,811 U.S. "doorways" is irresistible" (Fishman, 2006). So what would make Jim Wier the CEO of lawn-equipment maker Simplicity say no to Wal-Mart This research endeavors to unravel this mystery by critically evaluating the issues that arise from the case study and independent research. 1. From its inception Wal-Mart's center of attention has always been about Every Day Low Pricing, and that view remains to this day. Sam Walton in "Made in America." is quoted as saying that Wal-Mart is obsessed with having the lowest prices. On the other hand, according to Wier, snapper is obsessed with having differentiated, high-end, quality products" and not the price. These are two very different points of view. These differences in corporate objectives can also be glimpsed from sentiments by a Wal-Mart high-ranking executive that a trillion dollars in annual turnover for the group is not as unreal as it may sound while Wier's own sentiments don't seem to share this view. He says that snapper is not primarily as keen on volumes. Target Customers and Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is an issue that arises as we study the snapper/Wal-Mart case. It can be defined as the division of a market into subsets of prospects with similar characteristics that distinguish them as likely to purchase certain offerings. Walker, Mullins, Boyd & Larreche. (2006). There are different categories of need that an offering satisfies and customers fit in different categories depending on their needs. Wal-Mart for all its worth uses low price as its key marketing and competitive strategy and often targets lower and lower middle-class customers. These low prices have another advantage in that they eliminate the cost of regular sales promotions. Wal-mart has also adopted a unique inventory system that that has allowed economies of scale resulting in a reduction in the costs of sales. Wal-Mart takes advantage in its being able to purchase in bulk and selling the goods itself. The strategy has served Wal-Mart-well over the years as evidenced by its unprecedented growth . Wal-Mart offers a selection of goods based on their customer's requirements. They are low on high-end goods because of the belief that people need discounted prices on practical products as opposed to the expensive brand name goods. Wal-Mart relies on their convenience and low prices. Wal-Mart does not have specific sections for specific brands. Snapper on the other hand is convinced that customers are different and targets high-end users. Believing that their customer's primary motivation would be performance and the longevity not low price. The Wal-Mart's popularity is mainly due to the following Every Day Low Price strategy. This has proved to be an all time winner mainly

PHL317Marx and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PHL317Marx and Marxism - Essay Example Marx and Engels underline a leading role of the working class supposing that popular revolution could overthrow the repressive oligarchies of wealth and did not set them apart from the principles of democracy but, on the contrary, placed them squarely in the mainstream of the mid- nineteenth-century democratic tradition. "The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority in the interest of the immense majority." Thus they could make the equation that "to win the battle of democracy" would be the same thing as "to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class." A "democratic constitution" would produce the "rule of the proletariat" (Marx and Engels 2006). Thus Communist Manifesto could assert even more plainly in a contemporaneous article that "a necessary consequence of democracy in all civilized countries is the political rule of the proletariat" (Marx and Engels 2006). Marx and Engels did indeed mistake the birth pangs of industria lism for the death throes of capitalism (Selsam and Martel 43). What is important for is that political strategy rested upon these expectations--however fanciful--of a geometrically multiplying proletariat and an impending economic cataclysm. First, the Manifesto asserted, when free competition is viewed as a process over time, the inevitable result is a concentration of ownership, with the less efficient enterprises going bankrupt or bought up by the more efficient. This law of concentration applies not only to industry but also to agriculture and distributive enterprises. Thus the manifold gradations of preindustrial society give way to a great gray mass of almost undifferentiated wage earners. This tendency of capitalism to replace skilled by unskilled labor is scarcely mentioned by Marx's followers nowadays-for obvious reasons--yet it clearly belonged to the original prognosis. These events lead to dissatisfaction of the working class and force them to oppose the regime. In this case, it becomes the first way of revolution and further class struggle (Szporluk 84). The idea that the working class leads the revolution is based on the concept of majority rule. Marx conceived that each successive class was "called to rule" and to emancipate mankind in some degree. During each period of emancipation, history awarded majority support, as it were, to this ruling class, because the masses would perceive the leadership of the chosen group genuinely to advance the interests of the whole society. So it had been in proper bourgeois revolutions, when the masses had provided the muscle for the bourgeoisie in its struggle to break out from the fetters of feudalism. So it would be again when the proletariat was called upon to play its ultimate emancipatory role, but not, perhaps, before the compass needle of universal suffrage registered "various deviations" (Szporluk 89). Among these, Marx also seemed to anticipate that the successful creation of a republic would dissolve the tripartite class alliance, leaving the more radical proletarian minority at first i n opposition to a "pale" democratic government representing the petty-bourgeois and peasant majority. He implied as much when differentiating himself politically from one of the leading "petty-bourgeois" democrats" The Communist Manifesto states: "The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues - Essay Example presently; GE has the record of being the sole company that is listed in Dow Jones Industrial Index that was also listed in the index which was original. Presently, GE is the sole company that is listed in the index of Dow. GE came up with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). GE has the record to work in the power generation field which provided them the opportunity to venture into the new field of aircraft turbo superchargers. World War I marked the introduction of the first turbo superchargers. GE acquired the assets of wind power of Enron in 2002. The company also has its steps as GE appliances, GE plastics, GE medical systems and GE technical products and services. Unethical questions involved An ethical issue is regarded as a problem that is identifiable, a situation or opportunity. The ethical issues require a person to choose an action that may be evaluated as right or wrong among several actions. Such a choice often takes the monetary profit into account rather than the ap propriate conduct that is considered by the person. The nuclear reactors developed by GE have a fatal flaw. GE has developed 91 nuclear reactors around 11 nations. The probability of radiation from the designed reactors is 0.9 in case of nuclear meltdown. A documentary video was released in the year 1991 which accounted people who are harmed because of radiation and also because of the toxic pollution from the nuclear weapons of GE. GE avoids the testing proposals in chemical toxicity tests and it kills large numbers of animals annually. This argument was put forward by PETA. GE can also be held responsible for global warming. But recently GE has taken steps towards a stringent position in environmental concerns. Most of the largest green house gas emitters including GE failed to disclose the financial risk associated with changes in the climate and ignores the deal on global warming and other related issues which includes areas of corporate governance. The share holder’s mee ting calls the management to report on the green house emissions which includes carbon dioxide, mercury, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. The company has two manufacturing plants in Hudson falls and Fort Edward. EPA reported that the company discharged polychlorinated biphenyls of huge volume into the Hudson River. The company opposed the plan to dredge PCBs from the river. GE referred the proposal as absurd. GE was responsible in a fraud case in 1990s. Recently in 2010, GE has been under a lot of speculation due to discrepancies in their tax payment. Many have accused GE for differing tax payments on total profit earned. In 1992, General Electric faced its worse ethical lapse. The company was rocked by many pricing scandals related to the defense contract the company had undertaken. The public image of GE had suffered immensely due to the scandals revealed (Prasad, 111). To re-establish the clean image of General Electric, the company took various steps. The company drafted seve ral in-house rules that were of about eighty pages and were published in all the languages on the websites of GE. The rules and regulations were hailed as Integrity by the company. In the early 1993, the company decided to set up a toll free number, which was available to all the employees. The employees were requested to call up at the toll free number to report any unethical practice seen by them during the operations. GE has been hailed by

PHL317Marx and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PHL317Marx and Marxism - Essay Example Marx and Engels underline a leading role of the working class supposing that popular revolution could overthrow the repressive oligarchies of wealth and did not set them apart from the principles of democracy but, on the contrary, placed them squarely in the mainstream of the mid- nineteenth-century democratic tradition. "The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority in the interest of the immense majority." Thus they could make the equation that "to win the battle of democracy" would be the same thing as "to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class." A "democratic constitution" would produce the "rule of the proletariat" (Marx and Engels 2006). Thus Communist Manifesto could assert even more plainly in a contemporaneous article that "a necessary consequence of democracy in all civilized countries is the political rule of the proletariat" (Marx and Engels 2006). Marx and Engels did indeed mistake the birth pangs of industria lism for the death throes of capitalism (Selsam and Martel 43). What is important for is that political strategy rested upon these expectations--however fanciful--of a geometrically multiplying proletariat and an impending economic cataclysm. First, the Manifesto asserted, when free competition is viewed as a process over time, the inevitable result is a concentration of ownership, with the less efficient enterprises going bankrupt or bought up by the more efficient. This law of concentration applies not only to industry but also to agriculture and distributive enterprises. Thus the manifold gradations of preindustrial society give way to a great gray mass of almost undifferentiated wage earners. This tendency of capitalism to replace skilled by unskilled labor is scarcely mentioned by Marx's followers nowadays-for obvious reasons--yet it clearly belonged to the original prognosis. These events lead to dissatisfaction of the working class and force them to oppose the regime. In this case, it becomes the first way of revolution and further class struggle (Szporluk 84). The idea that the working class leads the revolution is based on the concept of majority rule. Marx conceived that each successive class was "called to rule" and to emancipate mankind in some degree. During each period of emancipation, history awarded majority support, as it were, to this ruling class, because the masses would perceive the leadership of the chosen group genuinely to advance the interests of the whole society. So it had been in proper bourgeois revolutions, when the masses had provided the muscle for the bourgeoisie in its struggle to break out from the fetters of feudalism. So it would be again when the proletariat was called upon to play its ultimate emancipatory role, but not, perhaps, before the compass needle of universal suffrage registered "various deviations" (Szporluk 89). Among these, Marx also seemed to anticipate that the successful creation of a republic would dissolve the tripartite class alliance, leaving the more radical proletarian minority at first i n opposition to a "pale" democratic government representing the petty-bourgeois and peasant majority. He implied as much when differentiating himself politically from one of the leading "petty-bourgeois" democrats" The Communist Manifesto states: "The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the

Culture and Diversity in Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Culture and Diversity in Decision Making Essay The definition of the mission and goals of the enterprise is the foundation for any business. Mission is the answer to the question, what is the activity of the company is and what it intends to do. Procter Gamble has a pretty clear statement: We are there to improve your life After the mission, the organization needs to define the purpose. In this case, the goal to produce goods and services of the highest quality and customer value that improve the lives of todays and future generations around the world. Consumers help to take a leading position in terms of sales, to ensure the prosperity of the business that contributes to the well-being of employees and shareholders, as well as those areas where employees live and work. The goal unites workers for the common cause of the growth strategy. It has great potential due to a simple idea to improve on daily lives of consumers around the world. It is this setting allows P ; G to achieve maximum full growth. So, from the above we can highlight the important goals of the company: A. Providing quality products, customer focus; B. Creating a stable, growing company. 3. About the P;G company’s culture signs. The company provides a certain amount of self – dependence divisional governance structure that provides greater flexibility and faster response to changes in the business environment compared to the linear and linear- staff. Managerial responsibility for the activities of the company both in the domestic and foreign market is shared between them. This type of structure combines centralized coordination and control of centrally managed. Key figures in the management of an organization with a divisional structure not heads of functional units, and the managers in charge of the production department, the so-called divisions. The company groups are formed by categories, each of which includes experts in marketing, sales and advertising. These narrow specialists provide each its part under the direct control of the manager category. The level of the manager is very high. 4. Factors that caused the organization to embody this particular culture. P;G company has been working toward keeping its reputation and standards in all field. Since it was established, P;G has built rich heritage of touching consumers’ lives with brands that make life a little better every day. Here is to motto says â€Å"Do the Right Thing – For each other† The culture of the company is based on the basic moral and ethical values leadership, striving for the victory, the hosts respect, honesty and trust. These values are not something abstract they define the actions of the company. 5. What type of leader would be the best? In my opinion there are many reasons that this leader structure will be effective. First, as part of a huge company it managed to create an environment where every employee is interesting to work with. The responsibility of each employee, including the manager is the main driving force effectiveness. And this is the result of the constructed system of management, whose main task is to create conditions for the moral and material interests of each employee. Second, the complexity of management and collective management style in this company is proposed to use a single control method. The management system is structured in a complex of  functional subsystems. That is, they include highlights key subsystems within each of which formed goals, measurable indicators are introduced, developed a system for calculating them are formalized standards, business processes and organizational procedures. Disconnected from the management of the business functions of the companys managers are moving to a collective system of integrated management of business functions. 6. Imagine that there is a decline in the demand of products. What the change in culture would be need to be in response to this situation. I think company’s CEO should work with the sale’s department. Look up their regular planning and control of the department and its employees, hiring, selection and adaptation of staff; employee motivation, training, exchange of experience, the general debriefing, evaluation of the department, the calculation of cost of sales, cost of sales regulation, evaluation of individual performance of employees. In one word they have to find out their mistake and fix it, because without a reason demand not decreasing itself. References CNBC television channel – Documentary film about Procter ; Gamble company. Retrieved from http://www.hulu.com/watch/286095 Charan, R. (2008, August 26). P;G’s innovation culture: How we built the world-class organic growth engine by investing in people. Retrieved from http://www.strategy-business.com/article/08304?pg=all Procter and Gamble. (2013). Our worldwide business conduct manual. Retrieved from http://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/company/governance/Policy_Worldwide_Business Conduct_Manual.pdf Schermerhorn, J. R. (2012). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc

Regulations and Policies for Children with Disabilities

Regulations and Policies for Children with Disabilities All children with disabilities have the right to be treated fairly and equally to children without disabilities. As of December 2002 schools are required not to treat disabled pupils less favourably for a reason relating to their disability and to take reasonable steps to make sure they are not placed at a disadvantage to those whom are not disabled. It is against the law for schools to treat a child different as it is discrimination. There are several forms of discrimination, one if which is direct discrimination: This is deliberate discrimination against an individual. This is refusing a child into their setting because of a disability. There is also indirect discrimination. This is where events are in place but are not suitable for everyone. For example; language barriers, also spelling barriers could discriminate against a child who is dyslexic. Discrimination due to a disability can occur through sports classes. A teacher may exclude someone with a disability as they may take longer to reach the end result than a person without a disability. This will result on the child missing out on opportunities that children without a disability won’t miss out on. An example of this could be exclusion by other children to be on their team as they are disadvantaged, this would cause the child with the disability to be excluded from other students within the group. This would be discrimination towards a child with a disability. There are specific laws, legislations and regulations in place giving rights to children with disabilities. The equality act 2010 ensures children with disabilities receive the same access to public or private services and that the services make reasonable adjustments to their properties to ensure they are accessible for all. This could include ramps, disabled toilets, lifts to access higher floors if needed, or braille. This promotes equal opportunities. Special educational needs codes of practice was developed to help to provide adequate support for an individual’s personal needs. It provides practical local advice to local education authorities, maintained schools and early education settings on carrying out their statutory duties to identify, assess and make provisions for childrens special educational needs. A child with disabilities should have their needs met. Children with special educational needs have a right to a balanced education and to work at the right curriculum for themselves. When working inclusively with children with disabilities they should be given equal opportunities. They should be given the opportunity to be educated in a mainstream setting and have their individual needs met the same as other children without a disability do. If a child is treated as they have a medical model of disability in a childcare setting, then this can cause the child to be seen as an illness and not as a normal person. This can result in not only the teacher not respecting the child but also the other class mates not respecting the child and treating the child differently, which will cause discrimination. When the child is being treated different and unfairly they are not able to show their full strengths and their full potential. Inclusive practice is having respect for each individual as a person. By showing them respect they will gain trust for you and feel confident around you. Take time to get to know the person and listen to them. Be thoughtful towards another’s feelings. By letting the child have a say and being involved will empower the child which will help them to be confident. The benefits of working and communicating with parents are all children are different and have different needs and nobody knows their child better than their parents. Parents look at their children and see them as a person and not a disability and know a childs strengths and weaknesses. It is important to understand and respect a parents feelings and emotions and understand that some parents may find the journey more demanding than others. It is important to make sure that a parent understands procedures in a childcare setting and be sure to involve them in everything concerning their child. A parents method of dealing with a situation may be different to somebody else’s so be sure to respect a parents opinion. Parents should always be respected as an individual. When making arrangements with parents allow them plenty of notice as they could have to arrange it through work or through childcare so allow plenty of flexibility. Sometimes extra support maybe needed from a professi onal. It is likely that when a child with a disability or additional needs enters a childcare setting professional support is already established. By working in partnership with other professionals it helps to acknowledge children with learning difficulties and help to provide the correct support. A childcare setting can be adapted to a child’s needs. Things like a ramp for a wheelchair user or a lift if it is required if the building is set over more than one floor. If a lift is not accessible then an alternative would be to move floors so a wheelchair user isn’t discriminated against. Also easy access to a disabled toilet is required. Adapting for blind people by using braille where needed. Adapting certain materials so its age and stage appropriate. Making sure people around them show a positive attitude towards equality and diversity. A disabled child is just as able to take part in activities just as much as other children but adjustments may need to be made. Inclusive practice can only be effective if adults lead by example and reflect on their own attitudes an beliefs. Children with additional needs or disabilities may face barriers that prevent them from having the same opportunities as other children in a childcare setting. Some children with disabilities may struggle with going to the toilet so may need additional help. They may need additional help with zips and buttons on clothing. If children are using fancy dress be aware of the fastenings on the clothes and consider Velcro or bigger buttons. Some children may find it hard to express their thoughts and feelings. Visual aids are a useful method of helping them to pick their preference. If a child has a physical impairment some environments may create barriers to prevent a child from moving around to their full potential. If a setting causes barriers then people need to consider moving furniture around a setting to prevent obstacles. For example not putting materials and activities on the floor so a wheelchair user is unable to participate. It can also cause a barrier to people with a visual impairment. Putting materials and activities on the floor can also be an obstacle and dangerous for someone trying to find their way around safely. Children must not be regarded as having a learning difficulty soley because the language or form of language of their home is different from the language in which they will be taught. A child is disabled if they are blind, deaf or dumb or suffers from a mental disorder of any kind or is substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury or congenital deformity or such other disability as may be prescribed. A person has a disability for the purposes of this act if they have a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day to day activities.

Difficulty With Essays -- Writing Education Writer Essays

Difficulty With Essays Trying to write an essay is difficult. Reading a book with the very nicely written essays is great and allows me to see examples of good essays. Suggestions such as the journalist’s questions, mapping, brainstorming, and idea books give support and guidance that are supposed to be helpful. After reading all the material of what goes into an essay and the helpful suggestions to get me started in the right direction, such as ways to overcome writer’s block, it is time to begin. Still nothing; I just sit there in front of the computer. I ask myself, how can I use all of the useful information that has been given to me? I try mapping and brainstorming, but a topic or idea is needed. Frustration, irritation, and confusion are very strong emotions I have at this point. I go back to the text and reread one of the stories, and something clicks. An experience comes to me that can be related easily to one of the stories in the required text, so I begin. Ideas for the essay pop into my head. Writing begins fast at first with all the examples found, personal experiences I can write about, and the thoughts evoked by the story that was read or idea I came up with. When rereading what has been put down on paper or typed on the computer, it all of a sudden becomes unclear or out of focus as to what those written words have to do with the thesis or the story. The ideas somehow have nothing to do with what I was trying to convey. The frustration of what is in my head and what I want to put down on paper is intense. When taking my ideas to someone to run by them, again the ideas sound great and clear. I do not know how many times I have heard, â€Å"That’s great! Write it like you just told me.† How did ... ...the ideas that I am trying to express in my essay? How do I get them to come across to the reader in sentences that make sense? How do I come up with enough of them to cover the amount of pages required? The Webster’s Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus are my only insight into the world of words and their meaning or usage. How wonderful it would be to have the ability to sit down and just write colorful and animated essays without frustration, irritation, and confusion. I can see my fingers flying across the keyboard, putting down words that make sense to the reader and me. What a thought! Someday this might happen, but until it does reality returns and I am once again asking myself if what I am writing is good enough. Work Cited Valeri-Gold, Maria, and Mary P. Deming. Making Connection Through Reading and Writing. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994.

Equal Pay :: essays research papers

Mike K. Essay on equal pay in the work place. In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Pay equality is most prevalent for the 16 to 24 age group, in which women earn more than 90 percent of what men do; however, the gap becomes 75 percent in the 25 to 54 year old group – those at the height of their careers and life responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of factors have contributed to the gap between men’s and women’s wages. These include: occupational segregation of women into low paying jobs; lower levels of unionization for women and attitudinal barriers that have kept women from achieving equality in the workplace and undervaluation for women’s work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act), forbids employers to compensate women differently for jobs that are â€Å"substantially equal†, that is, almost identical. Traditionally, women have worked in different occupations than men; these occupations tend to be substantially different, pay less and confer less authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equity means fairness and justice. Pay equity programs throughout the world attempt to legislate and regulate the elimination of systemic gender-based wage discrimination and to ensure ongoing systems that will maintain equitable wage relationships over time. Pay equity programs attempt to address the undervaluation for work traditionally or historically done by women. Pay equity (also referred to as â€Å"comparable worth†) programs require a gender-neutral analysis of comparative work. A variety of very different jobs are compared based on a composite of the skill, effort and responsibility of a job and the conditions under which the job is generally done. The comparison determines the relative worth of those jobs to the achievement of a firm’s objectives, under the proposition that equal contribution merits equal compensation. Where female-dominated jobs in the workplace are found to be of equal or comparable value to male-dominated jobs but paid below the level of the male jobs or payline, then all employees in those female-dominated jobs are entitled to receive pay equity adjustments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But how are these adjustments to be determined in a workplace that already subjectively undervalues the effort and contribution of women and minorities?

Recruiting in the High Schools Essay

You see them everywhere dressed up head to toe in camouflage and shiny boots, with the image of a super hero. With the recent conflicts in the Middle East, parents across America have protested the military being inside of our children’s schools auctioning off a better life. Let’s face it, who can give a better life to you than your mother? In 2002 the government made a flagship program designed to help underprivileged kids called the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act†. â€Å"Since 2002 the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† has meant that US schools which receive government money must allow the military in to talk to students† (Act of Congress). So this poses a huge problem for the parents that are trying to fight to get the military out of the schools and to put a ban on recruiting from within the confines. The military shouldn’t be able to recruit in high schools for many reasons. The most important reasons why the military shouldn’t recruit inside of high schools is because the mind of a high school student isn’t developed enough to make the right decisions to join; the military gives false hope to kids of financial freedom, and the possibility of death isn’t realistically depicted by the recruiters to the high school students. Why are we recruiting in high schools instead of on college campuses? There could be a lot of reasons behind it, but first and foremost is that seventeen year olds aren’t ready to join. The mind of a seventeen year old isn’t fully developed until their in their twenties. So the judgment of a right and a wrong decision isn’t mindfully thought through. Yes, a seventeen year old only needs a high school diploma and parental consent but, how can they think they are ready for war when they can’t even drink alcohol or vote for their commander and chief? In high schools there are cliques and like any kid they want to be in these so called cliques. Robert Ayers discusses in his book how kids are looking for a clique or group to belong to, â€Å"High school kids are at an age when being a member of an identifiable group with a grand mission and a shared spirit — and never underestimate a distinctive uniform — is of exaggerated importance, something gang recruiters in big cities also note with interest and exploit with skill† (William Ayers). Ayers is depicting to us how easy it is to manipulate, and convince a young mind, seventeen years old, just wants to be part of a group with an image no matter what group it is. All someone has to do is depict an image of greatness and the young people are sold. The fact and bottom line is that our kids look up to a glorified image that the military and their commercials depict from a young age and they shouldn’t be capitalized on nor taken advantage of due to this overwhelming lopsided image. The military is currently under quota of manpower that they need to run a successful defense, so turning to seventeen year olds without the knowledge of military recruiting tactics is the logical and more efficient way to get people to join our depleted military. But this is not a reason to prey on sixteen and seventeen year olds who aren’t even old enough to vote nor drive, but they can make life and death decisions to join the military. But having the undeveloped brain, like we all went through, as they do they are not old enough to cypher through the presentations that the recruiter gives in order to make a valid and rational decision. Why do you see more recruiters in poverty stricken areas contrast to those in areas of good or well financial being? This is because the military is unethically targeting the vulnerable kids in our school system. Recruiters unethically target low income kids while promising them financial aid for school after these students serve in the military. Some of the students are promised is school fully paid for via the â€Å"Post 9/11 bill† and the â€Å"GI Bill†. But if you go www. va. gov website you will see the underlying criteria to actually get 100 percent free tuition. The Veteran Affairs website referenced these criteria’s; Active duty status, months and years served, months retired and a plethora of underlying circumstances. Getting high school students seem to be the plan for high school students, â€Å"The U. S. military’s practice of targeting low-income youth and students of color for recruitment, in combination with exaggerated promises of financial rewards for enlistment, undermines the voluntariness of their enlistment† (Soldiers of Misfortune). So why does the military seem to recruit people of color? Well according to www. census. gov the website tells us a lot about Caucasian children eighteen and under below the poverty line was seventeen percent and the children of the minority races were thirty five percent and higher. So this is actually the ideal place for a recruiter to so called â€Å"fill their quota†. Going back to the argument of recruiters promising false financing of school, this could be an advantage for the recruiters. Promising people who don’t have anything something is unethical and misleading. This is mostly unethical because the recruiters that are usually E-4 to E-6 have no pull to get you in different schooling programs nor give you the position that you could want, in terms of career and financing. â€Å"Many possible recruits are promised that they will receive tens of thousands of dollars in education when, in actuality, 57 percent of veterans who have applied for Government Issue (GI) benefits have not received any financial aid, according to the non-profit organization Finding Alternatives to Military Enlistment† (FAME). Promising financial benefits to kids that less than the majority of the military veterans receive is morally and ethically wrong. Also, the recruiters don’t tell you that in some circumstance you can’t attend school while in an â€Å"Active Duty Status†. Reason being is that you could get deployed and be called off to duty at any time and then the government would have to reimburse the institution for the incomplete credits. The recruiters also don’t tell recruits that if you are a reservist you are not eligible for the GI Bill, being in the reserve status it will be impossible to accumulate four years’ worth of active duty. The military also made it so that this could never be reached, it’s like a safe guard they have in place. The U. S. government also targets disadvantaged communities and areas. The philosophy of recruiters seem to be â€Å" The more in poverty a student is, the more likely they will look for a way out and join the ranks†. When the recruiters target these areas their showing that the more fortunate kids lives are more valuable and worth sparing more than others. It just isn’t right to exploit children from these backgrounds and hold their lives to a lesser status than other backgrounds. Why isn’t war realistically depicted to recruits before they join? Because, it’s nothing like what you see on the video games like â€Å"Call of Duty† or movies like â€Å"The Expendables or The ‘A’ Team†, when people shoot a plethora of bullets at you someone or something gets hit. â€Å"War is catastrophic for human beings, and, indeed, for the continuation of life on Earth. With over 120 military bases around the globe and the second largest military force ever assembled, the U. S.  government is engaged in a constant state of war, and American society is necessarily distorted and disfigured around the aims of war† (William Ayers). A good statistic that should be shared while a recruit is debating whether or not to join the military is, â€Å"During the last decade of that spectacular century, two million children were killed, 20 million displaced, six million disabled† (William Ayers). Now this is a statistic that should get shared with recruits along with the good statistics that are put in there to glorify military service. Another good fact that recruits probably don’t know about â€Å"108 million people were slaughtered in wars during the 20th century† (William Ayers). Now the recruiters should tell the recruits to put this into perspective. 108 million people like you and me were killed within 100 years due to war and military conflict. The kids in high school need to understand that those were kids their age and younger, on some continents that were getting killed over things not fully understood. Then when your contract is up and you are honorably discharged from your branch of service people are still left with images of war and relive it every day. â€Å"Vets suffer long-term health consequences including greater risk of depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, sleep disorders, and more. About one-third of Vietnam vets suffered full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder. Another 22% suffered partial post-traumatic stress disorder. This is the nature of the beast. Anyone who’s been there knows† (William Ayers). If kids the age of 18 and lower are allowed to see and experience these things, then when their brains are fully developed they will be brain washed and war could be instilled in them with no turning back. This could also be that kid’s brains are not fully developed so they don’t have a clear concept of death. Recruiting in the high schools is ethically wrong due to the lack of the recruits’ brain development to cypher through and make a decision based on facts instead of the image the recruiters portray of the military. Also, the recruiters promise tens of thousands of dollars to these kids when that is a very farfetched truth. The recruiters need to tell them what you actually have to do to earn and qualify for that money so it can actually be yours’. Military recruiters also don’t depict a clear picture of war and all that is lost during it. People’s sanity, lives and total way of living are altered forever. Recruiting in high schools should be closely monitored in schools if not done away with all together. Kids eighteen and younger just don’t have a grasp on what’s reality and what’s fabricated. Works Cited Ayers, William. â€Å"Hearts and Minds: Military Recruitment and the High School Battlefield. † Www. democraticdialogue. com. N. p. , 07 Apr. 2006. Web. Cave, Damien. â€Å"Growing Problem for Military Recruiters: Parents. † Editorial. New York Times [New York] 3 June 2005: B6. Www. newyorktimes. com. Web. â€Å"Census Bureau Homepage. † Census Bureau Homepage. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"FAME Time Series. † FAME Time Series. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. . Www. gibill. va. gov. N. p. , n. d. Web.

Poverty and Progress: Are we suffering from delusion of poverty?

It is indeed that most Filipino today suffers from delusion of poverty which is a false belief of a person that he or she is impoverished or will be deprived of material possessions or a person’s mindset the he strongly believes that he is financially incapacitated. Many people will use the excuse of this is the way I was born or this is my environment and I cannot change it. Through these statements it shows that most of the time it is because of your own mindset the reason you are where you are today. We have all heard, you are where you are today because of what you did yesterday.If you didn’t change or plan ahead yesterday, then you can expect today to be different until you change. A poverty mindset can manifest itself in a lack of vision for the future. You end up stuck in a financial rut, perhaps working a job that barely meets the financial needs of your household. When you lack vision, it’s hard for you to believe that God would give you an idea to take your household to prosperity. And if God does give you a big idea, you either will not follow-up on it, or you will find a way to sabotage it. Your poverty mindset keeps you stuck where you are.If a person feels less than others then he will not feel deserving. If he does not feel deserving, his life is based on desperation and wanting, rather than from joy and abundance. If one feels abundant, he will have abundance. If one feels desperate and wanting, he will expand the poverty in his life. Wealth or poverty is something that resides within. Poverty is a state of mind and about perspective not always about money. It is a fear of never having enough. To break that state of mind we have to make different choices and unblock the shackles that have been placed on our minds by our parents and the society around us.Our beliefs about how the world works is passed down from generation to generation. If your parents have a poverty mindset, it’s highly likely that you grew up with th ese same beliefs. People may say that they want to be wealthy, however a mindset that is set for poverty cannot handle a sudden increase in wealth. Because of the delusion of poverty mindset, you never set up a written budget to plan the use of your finances. You never set financial goals for what you want your money to accomplish. You just let it flow through your fingers and out of your pocket and the end result is being broke.That’s the type of mentality that keeps people in poverty. Often, thinking that we’re â€Å"poor† while others are â€Å"rich† is a result of comparing ourselves with other people. The first step is to stop comparing ourselves with others. You don’t need lots of money to be rich. Poor people put a high priority in having cash on hand. They do pocket accounting. What cash they have in their pocket is often how they manage their money. They do not like checking accounts because it requires financial management. Delusion of po verty has nothing to do with money, it has everything to do with the willingness to communicate and face a problem.Growing up in that environment absolutely shapes one’s mind about money and life. People who heard from their parents that â€Å"we can’t afford this and can’t afford that†, as if there was no other way to get money other than welfare. There was no budgeting to help make the money last the full 2 weeks. They get their check and blow it on junk food, alcohol, drugs etc. Then act like victims for the rest of the days while waiting for the next check or the next binge. Change your environment and you change your financial future. Where did you learn your financial habits? Other adults: primarily your parents.We spend the way they spend. We value what they value. We carry their views on most things. So if your parents spent foolishly, their actions taught you to spend foolishly. If your parents spent wisely, you would gravitate towards wisdom in finances. If your parents were really wise they would have explained why they spend the way they do and how to by-pass financial failures through proper money management. People who grew up hearing a language of poverty that sounds like this: â€Å"we can’t afford it†, â€Å"we don’t have the money†, â€Å"that’s for the rich people not for us†. All of those statements are victimized, poverty statements.Change your language, and you change your financial future. Even the rich people suffer from delusion of poverty according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2007, January), â€Å"As the economy dips precariously, people who still have a lot of means are freaking out†. According to Dr. Kotbi from his interview in New York Times (2009,Jauary) he had a wealthy woman patient, worried about whether she would have enough money to buy groceries, refused to eat. Another patient, a real estate investor grew so paralyzed by financial fear that h e asked his wife, who had hardly paid a bill in her life to take over the family finances.Dr. Kotbi said they often suffer â€Å"delusions of poverty† which is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, associated with psychotic depression and despite retaining millions of money in assets, are crippled by self-doubt, loss of power, and sometimes guilt. These people have fear of being poor. I hate this delusion of poverty in our country where poverty is imbibed to all of us: ‘Hindi ako makakapagtapos ng pag-aaral kasi dukha lang kami’ or ‘Anong magagawa namin? Eh mahirap lang kami? ’ It’s always like that. I also hear that from my neighbors, saying everyday that they are just poor folks.I hate that in every election season, the candidates that we see on television hail themselves as messiahs or the bringer of solutions to poverty. Or perhaps, a knight in shining armor, ready to rescue a poverty-stricken maiden. We should acce pt the fact that the way we think affect our actions. Yes, somehow we are poor but we can be rich also. We need to be aware of a self-defeating thought process or activity in order to change our poverty mindset. Remember the sayings that what your mind can conceive your heart and body can achieve. It is the time to cut the chain that ties Filipino to the endless delusion of poverty.

Sez in China

Especial economic zone: A  Special Economic Zone  (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws. â€Å"Nationwide† laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone. The category SEZ covers, including  free trade zones  (FTZ), export processing Zones (EPZ), free Zones (FZ),  industrial parks  or industrial estates (IE),  free ports,  free economic zones,  urban enterprise zones  and others.Usually the goal of a structure is to increase  foreign direct investment  by foreign investors, typically an  international business  or a  multinational corporation  (MNC), development of  infrastructureand to increase the employment. Currently, the most prominent SEZs in the country are  Shenzhen,  Xiamen,  Shantou, and  Zhuhai. It is notable that Shenzhen, Shantou, and Zhuhai are all in  Guangdong province, and all are on the southern coast of Chin a where sea is very accessible for transportation of goods.An analysis of the performance of these SEZs in China versus those in India in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their impact on economic growth was conducted by  Leong (2012). This paper investigates the role of special economic zones (SEZs) . The policy change to a more liberalized economy is identified using SEZ variables as instrumental variables. The results indicate that export and FDI growth have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in these countries. The presence of SEZs increases regional growth but increasing the number of SEZs has negligible effect on growth.The key to faster economic growth appears to be a greater pace of liberalization. Special economic zones of the people’s republic of china Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China  (SEZs) are  special economic zones  located in  mainland China. The  government of the People's Repu blic of China  gives SEZs special (more  free market-oriented) economic policies and flexible governmental measures. This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China.History Since the late 1970s, and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, the PRC government has decided toreform the national economic setup. The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world. During the 1980s, the PRC passed several stages, ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas, and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones.Since 1980, the PRC has established special economic zones in  Shenzhen,  Zhuhai  and  Shantou  in  Guangdong Province  and  Xiamen  in  Fujian Province, and designat ed the entire province ofHainan  a special economic zone. In August 1980, the  National People's Congress  (NPC) passed â€Å"Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of  Guangdong  Province† and officially designated a portion of  Shenzhen  as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ).In 1984, the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment:  Dalian,  Qinhuangdao,  Tianjin,  Yantai,  Qingdao,  Lianyungang,  Nantong,  Shanghai,  Ningbo,  Wenzhou,  Fuzhou,Guangzhou,  Zhanjiang  and  Beihai. Since 1988, mainland China's opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas, areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas. First, the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland China's biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones.Shortly afterwards, the  State Council  expanded the open coastal areas, extending i nto an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the  Yangtze River Delta,  Pearl River Delta, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou  Triangle in south Fujian,  Shandong Peninsula,  Liaodong Peninsula  (Liaoning  Province),  Hebei  and  Guangxi. In June 1990 the PRC government opened the  Pudong  New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its â€Å"dragon head. Since 1992, the  State Council  has opened a number of border cities, and in addition, opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and  high-tech  industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of â€Å"windows† in developing the foreign-oriented econom y, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced echnologies and of â€Å"radiators† in accelerating inland economic development. Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade, and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems. In 1999, Shenzhen's new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects, and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 81. 98 billion yuan, making up 40. 5% of the city's total industrial output value.Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reduc ing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries.In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a  stock exchange, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in  RMB  business. In 1999, the  GDP  of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan. In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of  Kashgar  in  Xinjiang  a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17. 4 percent from 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased  tourism  andreal estate prices  in the city.Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former  Soviet Central Asia  and the SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those sta tes. List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world, between 1980 and 1984 China established  special economic zones  (SEZs) in  Shantou,  Shenzhen, and  Zhuhai  in  Guangdong  Province and  Xiamen  in  Fujian  Province and designated the entire island province of  Hainan  a special economic zone.In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south):  Dalian,  Qinhuangdao,  Tianjin,  Yantai,Qingdao,  Lianyungang,  Nantong,  S hanghai,  Ningbo,  Wenzhou,  Fuzhou,  Guangzhou,  Zhanjiang, and  Beihai. Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south):  Liaodong Peninsula,  Hebei  Province (which surrounds  Beijing  and  Tianjin),  Shandong  Peninsula,  Yangtze River Delta,Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou  Triangle in southern Fujian Province,  Pearl Ri ver Delta, and  Guangxi.In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the  Pudong  New Zone in  Shanghai  to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley. Since 1992 the  State Council  has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As a result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China.Type| City| Province| Special Economic Zone, City| Shenzhen| Guangdong| | Zhuhai| Guangdong| | Shantou| Guangdong| | Xiamen| Fujian| | Kashgar| Xinjiang| Special Economic Zone, Province| No city| Hainan| Coastal Development Areas| Dalian| Liaoning| | Qinhuangdao| Hebei| | Tianjin| Tianjin| | Yantai| Shandon g| | Qingdao| Shandong| | Lianyungang| Jiangsu| | Nantong| Jiangsu| | Shanghai| Shanghai| | Ningbo| Zhejiang| | Wenzhou| Zhejiang| | Fuzhou| Fujian| | Guangzhou| Guangdong| | Zhanjiang| Guangdong| | Beihai| Guangxi| ————————————————- Hainan Special Economic ZoneHainan became a special economic zone in 1988 after the other 4 zones had already established themselves as being successful and scalable. For current foreign investment regulations for the Hainan zone please see  Hainan Special Economic Zone, Foreign Investment Regulations ————————————————- Economic policies of SEZs 1. Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs. 2. Greater independence on international trade activities. 3. Economic characteristics are represented as â€Å"4 principlesâ € : 1. Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital 2.Primary economic forms are Sino-foreign  joint ventures  and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises 3. Products are primarily export-oriented 4. Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration. SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority. Leong (2012) investigates the role of special economic zones (SEZs) in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their impact on economic growth.The policy change to a more liberalized economy is identified using SEZ variables as instrumental variables. The results indicate that export and FDI growth have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in these countries. The presence of SEZs increases regional growth but increasing the number of S EZs has negligible effect on growth. The key to faster economic growth appears to be a greater pace of liberalization. China's Special Economic Zones Xu Dixin The Chinese Government has set up four special economic zones.They are located in the cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou of Guangdong Province and the city of Xiamen of Fujian Province . Politically, the special economic zones are based on assurance of China's state sovereignty and governing authority is entirely in China's hands. Economically, they are essentially based on state capitalism. APPROXIMATELY 300 special economic zones have been established in about 75 countries and regions in the world today (some are called free trading zones, some processing-exporting zones and some tax-free trading zones).Practices vary between countries. Special economic zones are set up when a country delimits a special area where, through exemption of customs duty, it formulates various preferential conditions and provides public facili ties so as to attract foreign investors to set up factories whose finished products are mainly for export. Insofar as capitalist social systems are concerned, few problems arise for those countries which set up special economic zones because the characteristics of such zones are essentially compatible with the development of capitalism.Some people wonder why China, a socialist country, has set up special zones which permit the manoeuvre of foreign capital. They ask: Concessions were eliminated a long time ago, why are a few areas with foreign investment being operated in the manner of concessions? They also want to know whether the four special economic zones represent a revival of the former concessions. Although important, such concerns are oversimplified and superficial. The situation can be best understood within context of the past and the nation's present state of development.At the end of the 19th century, foreign capital poured into China. This was a result of invasion by im perialist powers which used â€Å"gunboat diplomacy† to impose unequal treaties on China and infringed upon its state sovereignty. The foreign capital presently being invested in China is not based on â€Å"unequal treaties,† but on the assurance of China's state sovereignty. The special economic zones do not represent the revival of former concessions because authority over them is entirely in China's hands.Be they joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments set up in the special zones or enterprises run exclusively by foreign or overseas Chinese capital, they must observe the Chinese Government's decrees and regulations, pay business and income taxes according to provisions and abide by China's labour laws. Although they represent a minor change in state economic policy, the special economic zones are not in basic conflict with China's socialist economic system. The economy in the special zones encompasses the socialist state economy, the collective economy a nd the individual economy, but state capitalism has the lion's share.Processing materials for foreign countries, compensatory trade, co-operative enterprises and joint ventures are all state capitalist economic activities. Strictly speaking, the enterprises run by foreign or overseas Chinese capital constitute a kind of capitalist economy, but the activities of such enterprises are subject to control and regulation by the governments of the special zones. As a result, they are special kinds of capitalist enterprises. Lenin clearly said: â€Å"State capitalism is capitalism which we shall be able to restrict, the limits of which we shall be able to fix. This provides us with a theoretical explanation of the nature of the enterprises financed individually in the special zones. Some people worry that the capitalists will exploit the surplus value of the labourers. It should be admitted that some exploitation does exist in the joint ventures or individually financed enterprises in the special zones. According to China's regulations, joint ventures or enterprises individually financed by foreign capital or overseas Chinese capital can remit their share of profits abroad after they have paid their income tax according to relevant provisions and with the approval of the authorities concerned.The profits remitted abroad and the profits retained for reinvestment in the special zones obviously represent the surplus value of the labourers. But allowing foreign or overseas Chinese capital to gain profits is, in a sense, a policy of redemption (that is, a policy of gradually nationalizing the means of production of the exploiting classes at a certain price). Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic, the government adopted a redemption policy towards the national bourgeoisie in order to win its co-operation.Now we are employing a redemption policy to win the co-operation of foreign and overseas Chinese capital. This is necessary for the development of the econom ies of the special zones. One of the characteristics of special zone economies is the fact that they open the door to foreign countries. Take Shenzhen and Zhuhai for example, their economic ties with Xianggang (Hongkong) and Aomen (Macao) are much closer than with the interior. This situation may result in the close relationship and mutual-effect between the role of regulating production according to market demands and the market fluctuations of Xianggang and Aomen.Within the special zones, it cannot be said that the regulation of production by state planning does not exist or does not function. However, if regulation of production by planning is made to cover too large an area, if it becomes the main body of the economy of the special zones, then it will be disadvantageous to absorbing foreign capital and developing the economies of the special zones. Newly built harbour in the Shekou industrial area managed by a Xianggang (Hongkong) company. Special Zones' FunctionsBecause the spe cial economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces have only been established for a short period of time, their role has not been brought into full play. The following points address the concerns most frequently expressed regarding their operation: They serve as bridges for introducing foreign capital, advanced technology and equipment and as classrooms for training personnel capable of mastering advanced technology. Both in the process of production and circulation, and in the joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments in the special zones, we can learn the latest techniques and scientific methods of management.To develop the national economy and expedite China's enterprise production and management, it is imperative to promote competition between regions, between trades and with-in a certain trade. In the development of the economies of the special zones -and during their competition with Xianggang and Aomen – it is possible to win in the competition by learning how to make comparisons regarding the regulation of production according to market demands. improve the quality of goods, develop new products and reduce production costs. It is possible to absorb considerable amounts. of foreign exchange.It is also possible to transfer part of the foreign capital, technology and equipment through the special zones to other regions concerned and set up new enterprises there. The country's special zones can serve as experimental units in economic structural reform and as schools for learning the law of value and the regulation of production according to market demands. By developing the economies of the special zones, it is possible to employ many young people waiting for jobs. Some people wonder why it is necessary, more than 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic, to set up special economic zones.They also wonder whether the special zones signify that China is seeking help from capitalist countries. Such concerns are understandable, but unwarranted. Since its establishment, New China has scored brilliant achievements in many fields of work, including economic construction. But it has also traversed a tortuous path. Compared with the world's most advanced nations. China's level of production is still rather low. Its funds and technology are incompatible with the requirements of the modernization drive.Furthermore,† while implementing its policy of self-reliance in economic construction, China does not exclude co-operation with capitalism. Facts will prove that through developing the economies of the special zones, we will be able to make use of foreign and overseas Chinese capital, as well as state capitalism, to develop China's socialist economy. Economic construction in the special zones will possibly become a special form of supplement to the development of China's socialist economy. The total economies of the special zones will only constitute a very small portion of the national economy.Although the s ocialist economy will continue to dominate, the role of the special zones must not be overlooked. Japanese technician passing on technical know-how to a Chinese worker at a joint Sino-Japanese TV company. Policies and Measures 1. The development of the special economic zones requires emphasis on the word â€Å"special. † For instance, in opening the door to foreign countries, it is necessary to simplify procedures for entry and exit and make things easy for visitors. In tax rate, it is essential to give preferential treatment to imported goods in customs duties. Tax exemptions for some goods are needed.A portion of the profits gained by foreign financed enterprises is allowed to be remitted abroad. 2. The essence of developing the special economic zones lies in the import of foreign capital; making foreign capital serve China's socialist modernization drive. Given this, the lives of the people residing in the special zones are bound to change. Capitalist ideology is bound to increase. This will require us to devote special attention to the ideological education of people in the special zones. Of course, education and training in science and technology should not be neglected, either. 3.The currency used in the special economic zones is mainly Renminbi (people's currency), the use of foreign currencies is limited to designated areas. Renminbi represents the currency of the People's Republic of China, but in view of the characteristics of special economic zones, it may prove necessary to issue different currency for them. This is a very complicated problem which calls for further study. 4. It would be impossible for the special zones to develop without the support of China's interior regions. Only when they operate in cooperation with the interior can the special zones gain necessary materials.Of course, such cooperation is based on mutual benefit. And it can be successful only when the special zones produce commodities needed by the interior. This co-ope ration must be carried out in a planned way. China’s capital controls The more special economic zone The landscape of capital-account liberalisation Jul 7th 2012 |  QIANHAI  | from the print edition * Where there’s muck ELSEWHERE in the developing world, towns grow before the infrastructure is quite ready to support them. Things are different in Shenzhen, China’s original Special Economic Zone (SEZ), a stone’s throw from Hong Kong.The subway station at Qianhai bay, on the city’s west coast, is spick and span, with a full complement of signs, announcements and billboards, including one for a performance by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, sponsored by Classy Kiss milk. But only one exit is open. And it surfaces in the middle of a wasteland of dirt, scrub and puddles. It is, surely, the best connected nowhere anywhere. In this section * Powering down *  »The more special economic zone * Rollercoaster * Duncan dough notes * The Oracle of Bos ton * Move over Reprints Related topics * Hong Kong * China This empty spot is, however, full of big ambitions.It is one corner of a 15-square-kilometre zone earmarked for experimentation by China’s cabinet. The zone has licence to try policies that are â€Å"more special† than those prevailing even in an SEZ. It aims to attract â€Å"modern service industries† rather than big-box manufacturers. It will charge only 15% corporate-profit tax and levy no income taxes on the finance professionals, lawyers, accountants and creative people it hopes eventually to attract. These cosmopolitan folk will live in a â€Å"waterfront city†, says James Corner, whose firm won a competition two years ago to design the bay’s future landscape.Over the next couple of years, he explains, the city will build a system of â€Å"water fingers†, large parks that collect, retain and purify the streams that flow from the hinterland, allowing water to enter the bay clea n and clear. Water is not the only flow Qianhai aims to collect and retain. It also wants to attract some of the offshore yuan that have pooled outside mainland China’s borders. Over 550 billion yuan ($87 billion) now sits in Hong Kong deposit accounts; another 60 billion yuan sits in Singapore, and 35 billion more resides in customer deposits in London, according to an April study by Bourse Consult.These yuan cannot flow freely back into mainland China, however. Banks can invest a limited amount in the mainland’s inter-bank bond market. Companies that raise yuan outside China can seek permission to invest the money in their operations inside the country. But the money can easily become bogged down in China’s exchange controls, especially when the authorities are trying to tighten credit. Qianhai, however, will be permitted to broaden these channels. Its firms will be given help in raising yuan offshore. Hong Kong banks will be allowed to enter the zone more eas ily. The ground will also be laid for greater cross-border lending. Since the mainland is targeting the gradual achievement of full yuan convertibility, Qianhai should be a pioneer for progress,† said Zhang Xiaoqiang of the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s planning body. The plan poses some puzzles. If offshore yuan were to be lent freely to Qianhai firms, what would stop them lending the money on to the rest of the country? An easing of capital controls between Hong Kong and Qianhai would seem to require a tightening of controls between Qianhai and the rest of the mainland. Otherwise the stream of yuan inflows could become a flood.The answer to the puzzle may lie in the timing. The Qianhai zone is not scheduled for completion until 2020, by when China’s capital controls may already be far looser nationwide. It is therefore unlikely that Qianhai’s opening up will get too far ahead of the rest of the country’s. In finance, as well as infrastructure, China likes to lay down the tracks, platforms and ticket barriers before the throngs arrive. Definition of ‘Special Economic Zone – SEZ' Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country.Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment. Conducting business in a SEZ usually means that a company will receive tax incentives and the opportunity to pay lower tariffs. Investopedia explains ‘Special Economic Zone – SEZ' While many countries have set up special economic zones, China  has been the most successful  in  using  SEZ to attract foreign capital. In fact, China has even declared an entire province (Hainan) to be an SEZ, which is quite distinct, as most SEZs are cities. Read more:  http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/sez. sp#ixzz29RnLw992 China's Special Economic Zones Keep Importance| China's speci al economic zones will still be â€Å"special† after the country's entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its rules, officials and economists said on Wednesday. | | | PRINT|   DISCUSSION|   CHINESE|   SEND TO FRIEND| | | | Special zones better prepared for WTO rulesChina's special economic zones will still be â€Å"special† after the country's entry to the  World Trade Organization  (WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its rules, officials and economists said on Wednesday.While thousands of Chinese businesses have yet to familiarize themselves with the WTO principles and practices, China's technological and economic areas are already ahead of the game, said Pi Qiansheng, chief official who oversees the  Tianjin  Economic Development Area (TEDA). Special Economic Zones| President Jiang on Special Economic ZonesChina will develop special economic zones (SEZs) a ll through the process of the country's reform, opening up and modernization drive, Chinese President  Jiang Zemin  said November 14 in Shenzhen, China's first SEZ.Feature : Economic Zones| Chief special economic zonesChina's chief special economic zones are Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen cities and  Hainan  Province. But they encompass more than 100 national economic and technological development zones, 15 national bonded areas and 14 border trade and co-operation regions in the broadest sense, said Hu Ping, former director of the Special Economic Zone Office under the State Council.Years before China joined the global trade club, the special economic areas had begun operating in line with international practices, said Pi, director of the administrative commission of TEDA, the largest development zone in North China. â€Å"By implementing international practices – like simplified approval procedures and transparency – TEDA has actually been operating accor ding to WTO rules,† he said. Keep going wellBoth Pi and Hu denied allegations that the national treatment and non-discrimination principles of the WTO will undermine the development of the special economic and technological reas, which used to receive – and give – preferential policies. â€Å"The special zones in various sizes and forms in China have grown from their initial state when they needed policy support before they were able to rely on themselves for expansion,† Hu said. â€Å"I don't see much of a negative impact of WTO entry on their recruitment of experts and the overall investment environment. † The special zones can instead maintain their â€Å"special† status by maximizing their accumulated expertise and their advantages in geographic locations and export-orientated industrial structures.They can gain a head start in absorbing foreign funds, technology and developing modern logistic systems, Hu said. The bonded zones, export pr oduct processing quarters and high-tech parks in those special areas will open still wider, Pi said. â€Å"It is my understanding that the WTO rules obligate the government to shift its functions to serving businesses in a more efficient fashion,† Pi said. â€Å"In TEDA, for example, the authorities have already modified or removed all the regulations and operations that go against the WTO rules. â€Å"Within the framework of national treatment requirements of the WTO, TEDA will give more favourable policies to overseas investment to attract more transnationals, he said. | SEZs: Go the Chinese way S. Majumder SPECIAL Economic Zones (SEZs), first proposed in the Exim Policy 2000-01 by the erstwhile Commerce Minister, Mr Murasoli Maran, are now a reality. With Export Processing Zones (EPZs) failing to help achieve the export targets, sights are on SEZs to deliver the goods. Eight SEZs are already operational — seven EPZs were converted for this purpose — and ano ther nine have been approved and are to be located strategically.The Commerce Minister, Mr Arun Jaitley, overwhelmed by the success of China's SEZ experiments has reposed much faith in them not only for export growth but also to boost FDI, which has become imperative especially as domestic investments are sagging. It is heartening that Mr Jaitley seems to be aware of the fact that the objectives of SEZs are much wider than merely boosting exports. Can India replicate China's immensely successful SEZ model? The incentives offered in Indian SEZs are in no less than those in China.From duty-free imports and tax holidays to freedom from cumbersome Custom procedures, the SEZs' facilities match those in China. Hence, theoretically at least, India's SEZs should be no less attractive to foreign investors as the Chinese versions. But reality paints a different picture. The key to SEZ success lies not just handing out incentives. Conceptually, EPZs and SEZs are different — while the fo rmer is an industrial estate, the latter is an industrial township. Boosting incentives to SEZs does not necessarily mean greater investment flows. The scope of SEZs are much wider and their linkages with the domestic economy stronger.SEZs provide supportive infrastructure such as housing, ports, roads and telecommunication and, as a result, have a wider industrial base. Compared to EPZs, SEZs give more in terms of exports, industrial growth, investments, both domestic and foreign, and employment generation. Hence, merely switching from EPZs to SEZs, without undertaking the required structural changes, does not guarantee success. The China story There are five SEZs in China. Of these, four — Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou and Zhuhai — were founded 20 years back and the fifth, Hainan, was set up in 1988.There are eight distinguishing features which have contributed to the success of SEZs in China: Unique location, large size, investment friendly attitudes towards non-residen t Chinese, attractive incentive packages, liberal Custom procedures, flexible labour laws, a strong domestic market and decentralisation of power in favour of provinces and local authorities for administering the zones. Of the five SEZs, Shenzhen, Shantou and Zhuhai are in the Guangdong province, adjacent to Hong Kong — the gateway to China. The other SEZ, Xiamen, in the Fujian province, is nearer Taiwan. Setting up hese zones close to internationally reputed commercial destinations was basically for easier access to foreign investments, modern technology and managerial expertise. This move paid off. FDI spurted in China — with Hong Kong accounting for about 60 per cent of the total inflows — with foreign investors making a beeline for the SEZs. Initially, the majority of foreign investors were non-resident Chinese from Hong Kong who were engaged in trading. Later, MNCs started investing in technology-oriented sectors even as China liberalised its foreign invest ment policy further to attract modern technology.The Guangdong province, which has the largest number of SEZs, became the most attractive foreign investment destination. In 2001, over 25 per cent of China's FDI flowed into Guangdong. Size is another important factor for SEZ success in China. Each SEZ is well over 1,000 hectares, the minimum recommended area. In India, the EPZs converted into SEZs are not even a third of this. Among the converted SEZs, the one in Noida is the largest but extends only 310 hectares. The SEEPZ, the first SEZ in India, is only 93 hectares.In such small areas, the requisite infrastructure and services required of an SEZ cannot be created nor multiple economic activities undertaken. Strong domestic market is another important aspect for SEZ success. In China, about 50 per cent of SEZ sales are to the domestic market. Though India has a large domestic market, it has failed to project this to lure SEZ investors. The reason: Policy impediments to sales in the domestic market. While in China the thrust of SEZs has been to attract foreign investments and modern technology, in India the emphasis has been on exports.The policymakers seem to think that export success in the zones is difficult unless accompanied by a liberal FDI regime. In China, the contribution of SEZs to the total exports is not substantial even after 20 years of their existence. In 2001, the share of the five SEZs in the country's total exports was 10. 4 per cent. In contrast, the contribution of Indian SEZs in 2001-02 was a little over 4 per cent of the total exports. Decentralisation of power was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Provincial and local authorities were made partners and stakeholders, by delegating to them powers to approve foreign investment.The SEZ authorities in China can approve foreign investment proposals up to $30 million. In India, only State governments are allowed to set up SEZs and the powers for foreign investment approvals are vest ed with the Development Commissioners, who are the representatives of the Central Government. The hire-and-fire policy in SEZs has been one of the biggest attractions for foreign investors in China. The new labour law consists of 107 articles, but none of these is more than one paragraph. All jobs are on labour contract basis, which stand terminated upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job.In contrast, the labour policy in India is worker, rather than investment, oriented. Merely declaring SEZs as public utilities under the Industrial Disputes Act may not suffice to quell the image of labour unrest in the country. In sum, the fundamental objectives for setting up SEZs and their role in the national economy are different in the two countries. In such a situation, multiple doses of incentives and unravelling the procedural hassles in India may not in themselves aid SEZs. The impending need is buoyancy in foreign investments, which would automatic ally catapult exports.For this, the primary need is to foster SEZs as investment-friendly areas. This job is not of the Commerce Ministry alone, which is empowered to tinker with the Exim Policy only. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) and the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) also have an equally important role to make SEZs a success. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZS) ? Special economic zones (SEZs) 1 aim to overcome barriers that hinder investment in the wider economy, including restrictive policies, poor governance, inadequate infrastructure, and problematic access to land.SEZs tend to offer export-oriented investors three main advantages relative to the domestic investment environment: 1) they offer a special customs environment including efficient customs administration and (usually) access to imported inputs free of tariffs and duties; 2) they have historically offered a range of fiscal incentives including corporate tax holidays and reductions, along w ith an improved administrative environment; and 3) they provide infrastructure (including land, factory shells, and utilities) that are more accessible and reliable than would normally be available outside the zones. SEZs have a long-established role in international trade. Prior to the 1970s, most zones were clustered in industrialized countries; but since the 1980s, there has been massive growth in SEZs in developing countries, led at first by East Asia and Latin America and more recently by the development of new programs in Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Recent estimates indicate that there currently are more than 3,000 SEZs established in some 135 countries.Overall SEZs are estimated to account for more than US$200 billion in global exports and employ directly at least 40 million workers. ? Most zones set up in the 1970s through the 1990s were designed to attract investment in labor-intensive assembly and manufacturing from multinat ionals. These export processing zones (EPZs) were a cornerstone of trade and investment policy in countries shifting away from import-substitution and in favour of integrating into global markets.Among the multiple objectives normally being sought as part of these policies were: job creation, growth in exports and foreign exchange earnings, facilitating economic diversification (often as a step in processes of industrialization and industrial upgrading) and access to foreign manufacturing technology and know-how. KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ? In some countries, SEZs have been a powerful instrument for economic growth and structural transformation. For many of the initial zones in East Asia, zones proved played a critical role in facilitating the industrial development and upgrading the ‘tiger’ economies.Similarly, the later adoption of the model by China provided a platform for attracting FDI and not only supported the development of its export-oriented manufacturing sect or, but served as a catalyst for sweeping economic reforms that were extended throughout the country. In Latin America, countries like Dominican Republic, Honduras, and El Salvador used free zones to take advantage of preferential access to US markets, and have generated large-scale manufacturing sectors in economies that were previously reliant on agricultural commodities.Finally, in Africa, SEZs are credited with enabling Mauritius to move from dependence on sugar to become a manufacturing hub and eventually an innovative, middle income country. ? However, there are also many examples of failures of SEZs, where investments in zone infrastructure resulted in ‘white elephants’ or where zones have largely resulted in industry taking advantage of tax breaks without producing any substantial employment or export earnings.Moreover, many zones that appear to have been successful in the short term, have failed to remain sustainable once labor costs have risen or when preferen tial 1 The term â€Å"SEZ† is being used here in a generic sense to cover any one of a variety of similar regimes including „industrial free zones? , „special economic zones? , „maquiladoras? , „export processing zones? , „investment promotion zones? , „foreign trade zones? and „free zones? What are Special Economic Zones (SEZs)? What are the Key Issues and Challenges for SEZs?What is the World Bank Group doing on SEZs? TRADE ISSUES BRIEF: Special Economic ZonesWorld Bank Group – Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network – International Trade Department trade access is no longer an advantage (e. g. following the end of the Multi-fiber Agreement). Zone failures can be attributed to a variety of causes. Too often, zones are plagued with the same problems – unstable electricity, lack of water, heavy bureaucracy, inefficient and corrupt customs – that hinder investment in the wider economy.In addition, broader competitiveness challenges, including policy instability, poor national governance, and low productivity often undermine the potential of zones. ? The traditional manufacturing-oriented processing zone (EPZ) is becoming increasingly anachronistic, despite the continued importance of global production networks. This is for three main reasons. First, by limiting activities to manufacturing only, EPZs restrict opportunities for investment and growth in the services sector, one of the most important opportunities for growth in middle income and even many low income countries.Second, the traditional EPZ tends to create an enclave that is separated from the national market, undermining its potential to create effective domestic linkages. Finally, the traditional EPZ model relies on unsustainable fiscal incentives to attract investment. As a result, there has been a gradual shift from traditional EPZs to special economic zones (SEZs), which normally cover larger land areas, offer g reater flexibility for services and other non-manufacturing activities (including residential and tourism development), and include a greater mix of export and domestic-market focused activities.THE WORLD BANK GROUP AND SEZS ? The World Bank Group has worked with client governments on export processing zones, free trade zones, and SEZs for decades. More than 40 SEZ related projects have been undertaken in the past ten years. This work has included Bank lending for on-site and off-site infrastructure, IFC investment, and technical assistance and knowledge products from various Bank units and the Investment Climate Department on SEZ-related policies, legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional design, and feasibility studies.OUR WORK ON SEZS ? During 2009 and 2010, the World Bank’s International Trade Department (PRMTR) has been leading a major global research study on SEZs – supported by a BNPP trust fund and in partnership with the SEZ team in the World Bank Groupâ €™s Investment Climate Department – with a primary emphasis on the experience SEZ programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main question addressed in this study is: why have SEZs worked well as engines of growth in some countries but not in many Sub-Saharan African ones? Based on knowledge developed as part of this research, PRMTR is also supporting the World Bank Group’s program looking at the potential role and impact of China’s investment in African industrial zones on the development prospects for the region. Our portfolio of SEZ knowledge products in 2010 includes: I. A book summarizing the results of PRMTR’s major research project: Special Economic Zones in Africa – assessing performance and learning from global experience (forthcoming); II.A set of case studies of SEZ programs in ten countries (Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Vietnam); III. Results from surveys of investors in SEZs in the same ten countries as above; IV. A series of notes covering topical issues in SEZs, including: regional trade agreements and SEZs; WTO rules and SEZ fiscal incentives; gender aspects of SEZs; using SEZs as catalysts for economic reform; training and skills development in SEZs; etc. and V. Notes related to China’s investment in African industrial zones, including an overview of progress and challenges and a proposed framework for effective collaboration, as well as a note drawing lessons from China’s experience in establishing a knowledge-sharing partnership for SEZs with Singapore in China’s Suzhou Industrial Park. An investigation into the importance of special economic zones in developing economies by Raphael Monye on September 18, 2010Over the past decade, there has been a sea change in economic policies in  developing countries which are attempting to become more export- orientated,  they   have started setting   up free trade zones. These zon es are called â€Å"Special Economic Zones†(SEZ’s) and feature various   designed to encourage foreign investment. What is the significance of these zones? Have they really played an important role in the development of the economy of the developing countries? In this paper I first describe the background to the establishment of these zones, then I describe some of the aims and characteristics of the SEZ’s.Lastly, I attempt to assess the significance of the SEZ’s in the development of the wider   economy Historically, China for instance  has adopted an inward-looking strategy to its economic development. Successive Chinese governments thought that the economy could grow  purlythrough self-reliance. However, there are always limitations to what a country can do by itself, for example limitations in raw-materials, natural resources, technology, etc. These can hold back the growth of an economy and certainly China’s economic growth  lagged f ar behind much of the rest of the world up to the 1970? . The aims of the establishment of the sez’s were to earn foreign exchange, to  enhance  employment, to attract foreign investment and to accelerate the introduction of technology and managementexpertise The favourable impact of the SEZ’s on  an economy of   is fivefold: They attract foreign investment, they help the growth of the export industry, they earn foreign exchange, they provide employment opportunities and lastly they help the  indigenous  economy improve its level of technology.I would now like to look at some of these points in more detail Since the beginning of the open-door policy, small-scale private businesses have been allowed to coexist with state enterprises. This has increased employment opportunities for local people and raised the level of economic activities in most developing countries. Also, many state workers sense that going into business on their own may provide greater inco me potential. Many prefer to work for joint-venture firms for higher wages.So the average income in SEZ’s   ranks as the highest in most of these economies. In theory advanced technology and know-how will also flow into the country as a result of foreign investment. In turn, with increasing exports the force of international competition may bring greater pressure on   firms to adopt more efficient work practices. It is perhaps questionable how much benefit the wider developing  economies has  reaped  from these investments. The technology, patents and know-how remain firmly the property of, and are controlled by the parent companies.It may however be the case that in the long run the work culture and practices adopted by foreign companies could have some washback effect over wider economic practices in the country In conclusion, the establishment of the SEZ’s has helped to increase the export trade which in turn has helped to improve the  developing economy . Preferential treaties  are been made in  SEZ’s to attract foreign investment. A large amount of foreign investment has occurred not only in the export trade, but also in infrastructure construction, commerce and tourism.Foreign companies have been encouraged to set up factories in the territories and the export industry has grown. Jobs opportunities have been provided for locals as factories need labour and the average income of the people has increased. In addition, advanced foreign technology has been brought in with the inflow of foreign investment. All these factors have contributed to the growth of the  developing economy. It remains to be seen if these  quantitative  advances, in which the SEZ’s have played an important role, are matched by  commensurate  advances in the quality of life for the majority of   people in theses countries.Special Economic Zones and tax exemption in China The key tax incentive for investing in China lies in the vario us options available for claiming tax concessions. The three main avenues are tax exemption, location-based concessions, and activity-based concessions. In theory, foreign-invested companies in China are subject to 30% corporation tax plus an additional 3% local corporation tax. In practice, however, foreign-invested companies rarely have to pay the full corporate tax rate. Tax exemption and 50% tax reductionManufacturing companies operating in China for at least ten years are granted a tax exemption period from the date of entering the profit zone. In the first two years they are fully exempt from corporation tax, and in the following three years they are granted a 50% reduction in the tax burden. The fiveyear period begins in the year in which an accumulated profit, after taking into account loss carryforwards, is recorded for the first time. However, the tax exemption period is not interrupted if at any time after commencement of the period a company once more records losses.Furt hermore, only taxable losses within a maximum carryforward period of five years are taken into account when determining the date on which an accumulated profit is recorded. Companies in the following sectors and areas are regarded as manufacturing companies and hence eligible for preferential taxation treatment: – Engineering and electronics industry; – Energy industry (excluding oil and natural gas extraction); – Metal industry, chemical industry, manufacture of construction materials; – Light industry, textile industry, manufacture of packaging materials; Medical and pharmaceutical industries; – Agriculture and forestry; – Construction industry; – Communications and transport industries (excluding passenger transport); – Scientific and technical development, geological studies, consulting services aimed at production improvements, maintenance services for production equipment and precision instruments. The above list is not e xhaustive and may be extended to other areas. In principle, exemption followed by a reduction in the tax burden is only granted if the company’s activities in China extend over at least ten years.If operations in China are discontinued before this ten-year horizon, Chinese tax law requires that the concessions be reimbursed. Special Economic Zones and Economic and Technological Development Zones After China opened up back in 1980, government-promoted Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were set up to attract foreign investors to the country. The main purpose of these Special Economic Zones with their many investment incentives was to strengthen China’s embattled economy with foreign capital and to modernise the country through foreign technology.Manufacturing companies are generally granted a reduced tax rate of 15% in these zones, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in tax during the three following years. Foreigninvested service companies and banks can also benefit from tax concessions but are subject to special regulations in these zones. The Special Economic Zones are in: – Shenzen, Guangdong Province; – Zhuhai, Guangdong Province; – Shantou, Guangdong Province; – Xiamen, Fujian Province; – Hainan Island, Hainan Province. Moreover, Economic and Technological Development Zones ETDZs) were set up in 14 coastal cities of the People’s Republic of China in 1984. To date this number has been extended to more than 50. The aim of these development zones was the targeted opening of investment zones for foreign investors, as well as research and development in specific areas through the application of modern foreign technologies. In particular, foreign investors in these zones are offered a complete infrastructure that meets international standards. Economic and Technological Development Zones are to be found not only in booming metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing nd Shenzen, but als o in all-important Chinese industrial cities as well as in cities of local economic importance in the interior. The Chinese accord these development zones the highest priority, which is why in recent years China’s booming major cities in particular have evolved to become the favourite locations for foreign investors, due to the many concessions and well-developed infrastructure on offer. Nevertheless, when deciding on a location it is important to take into account the cost of labour, which is significantly cheaper in the more rural development zones in the interior.Tax-wise, there is no difference between the Special Economic Zones and the other Economic and Technological Development Zones. Here, too, a reduced tax rate of 15% is generally applicable, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in the following three years. Unlike the Special Economic Zones, however, the Economic and Technological Development Zones do not differentiate between manufact uring and service companies. Open coastal towns and old cities The 14 eastern ports of Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou,Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai were also opened to foreign investors in 1984. Now there are more than 300 open coastal cities and old towns in China, offering similar concessions to the Special Economic Zones. If these cities also contain a Special Economic Zone or an Economic and Technological Development Zone, companies are also granted a reduced tax rate of 24% outside these zones. If necessary a tax rate of 15% can also be granted subject to the approval of the Chinese authorities, provided the company’s business falls into one of the following categories: Technological projects or projects requiring expertise; – Projects with a foreign investment volume of at least USD 300 million and a long repayment period; – Projects in the field of energy generation, communication o r port operations; – State-promoted projects. High-Tech Industrial Development Zones Only in recent years has the Chinese government created newer types of development zones called High-Tech Industrial Development Zones (HTIDZ) primarily aimed at promoting and further developing the scientific and economic potential inherent in China through foreign capital investment and the import of know-how.Currently there are more than 50 HighTech Industrial Development Zones where foreign high-tech companies are granted a reduced tax rate of 15%. Joint ventures with a foreign partner scheduled to operate for over ten years may also be granted tax exemption or a 50% reduction in tax, similar to the above-mentioned concessions, subject to approval by the Chinese authorities. Currently the best-known High-Tech Industrial Development Zone is the Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park in Beijing. Shanghai Pudong New Area By contrast, foreign companies operating in the financial, ndustrial and trade sectors have been enjoying numerous tax concessions in the Pudong district since 1992. Financial services providers in particular are becoming increasingly important in this context. While foreign financial institutes are prohibited from setting up offices in all other investment zones, this zone – which is also home to a stock exchange – is to be established as a financial centre. The applicable tax rate in this area is 15%. Moreover, in a bid to promote the infrastructure, the Shanghai Pudong New Area offers special tax incentives to foreign companies engaged in the construction of roads, railways, orts and airports as well as companies engaged in energy and transport projects. These companies are also offered a generally lower tax rate of 15%. If scheduled to operate for at least 15 years, these companies enjoy full exemption from taxes for the first five years and a 50% tax reduction for the following five years. Other regions In addition to the above-men tioned areas, a wide range of other regions grant foreign companies tax concessions with a view to attracting such businesses and promoting economic expansion in China’s structurally weak regions.These currently include 13 open border cities, remote and underdeveloped regions as well as numerous central and western regions of China. Particularly in the remote and underdeveloped areas of China, companies enjoy full tax exemption for the first two years and tax concessions for up to 15 years. In all, 19 central and western provinces offer companies in defined industrial sectors a wide range of additional concessions which are listed in a catalogue specially drawn up for this purpose. Concessions for special sectors and activitiesNevertheless, eligibility for tax concessions is dependent not only on the choice of location but also on the company’s business activities. For instance, special concessions are granted to export-oriented companies with an export ratio of more t han 70% which are scheduled to operate for more than ten years. Companies which qualify as  «technologically advanced » enterprises may request a three-year extension beyond the statutory five-year tax concession period. The requirements for eligibility in this respect are described in a special catalogue of criteria.Qualification for such additional concessions is subject to an on-site examination by the authorities of the information provided in the application. Special concessions may also be requested by companies in the software industry, with the aim of turning China into a world leader in the field of software products. These primarily concern VAT and customs duties, but additional concessions may be granted in the form of a reduction in corporation tax to 15%, shorter depreciation periods or higher expense deductions provided the defined criteria are met. Furthermore, in order to make China’s economic expansion nd infrastructure more attractive to foreign companie s, longterm projects relating to port construction as well as in the Special Economic Zones of Hainan and Pudong and in the field of airport and rail construction enjoy substantial concessions up to and including full tax exemption for the first five years as well as a tax reduction of 50% for the following five years if, as above, they meet the relevant criteria. Similar conditions also apply to agricultural projects. Research and Development (R&D) Centres can also enjoy tax concessions provided they meet a number of defined requirements.Specifically, these govern employee qualifications, investment volume, the quality of equipment used, exclusive use of invested capital for R&D purposes, etc. The concessions granted are related to the transfer of technology developed in-house and associated consulting and other services, the import of business equipment including the associated technologies, accessories and spare parts, and increased deductions on R&D expenditure. On t he other hand, companies in heavy industry and plant construction or companies engaged in the extraction of raw materials are expressly excluded from the statutory five-year tax concession