The Impact of Firs Reforms on Tax Collection Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Firs Reforms on Tax Collection Essay Thus, it has been stated that the importance of taxation lies primarily in its ability to raise capital for the development and growth of the economy and also in assisting the regulation of the consumption pattern, resulting in economic stabilization and effective redistribution of income (ICAN, 2009). The Nigerian tax system takes after the political structure of the country. As we have three (3) tiers of government (Federal, State and Local Government), we also have a distinct tax administration at each tier of government with the joint tax board playing an overarching supervisory role. The Joint Tax Board (JTB) is an off shoot of the Income Tax Management Act (ITMA) 1961 with the main objective of bringing uniformity in the administration of the various regional tax administrations. The Joint Tax Board was established under section 86 of the personal Income Tax Act Cap p. 8 LFN 2004. The section provides that the chairman of the JTB shall be the chairman of the Federal Board of Inland Revenue (Amawhe A. S, 2010). The administration of taxation on the profits of incorporate companies is vested in the Federal Inland Revenue service (FIRS) whose management board is known as the Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FBIR) (Section 1-3 FIRS establishment Act). The various taxes collected by the FIRS are; (1) Companies Income Tax (2) Withholding Tax on companies, resident of Federal capital territory, Abuja and non-resident individuals (3) Petroleum Profit Tax (4) Value Added Tax (5) Education Tax 6) Capital Gains Tax on residents of the Federal capital territory, Abuja, bodies corporate and non-resident individuals (7) Stamp Duties on bodies corporate and residents of the Federal capital territory, Abuja (8) Personal Income Tax in respect of:- * Members of the Armed Forces of the Federation * Members of the Nigerian Police Force * Residents of the Federal capital Territory, Abuja and * Staff of the ministry of foreign affairs and non-resident individuals. (9) National Information Technology Development Levy Value added tax as one of the taxes collected by the FIRS is an area of taxation that has high prospects of improving the internally generated revenue of the Nigerian government. The VAT system in Nigeria started with acceptance of the recommendation of a study group on indirect taxation in November 1991. The decision to accept the recommendation was made public in the 1992 budget speech of the Head of State. This resulted in setting up the modified value-added tax (MVAT) committee on 1st June, 1992 as recommended by the study group. The introduction of VAT in Nigeria through Decree 102 of 1993 marks the phasing out for the Sales Tax Decree No. 7 of 1986. The Decree took effect on 1st December, 1993 but administrative arrangement, involving for tax purpose commenced January, 1994. Value Added Tax is a tax on the supply of goods and services which is eventually born by the final consumers but collected at each stage of production and distribution chain. The introduction of VAT made government reasoned that, it will be virtually impossible to evade tax (Olatunji, O. C. , 2009). The reforms of the various taxes collectible at the Federal level in Nigeria have been a key component of the economic reforms implemented from the second half of 2986. The reforms that characterized the taxes have been undertaken as part of the overall programme of making the public sector and its activities more efficient and growth-promoting across sectors of the economy (Olopoenia et al). As nearly all the taxes at the federal level have undergone one reform r the other especially in the area of structure, there is a need to ask whether the reforms have increase the tax revenue collected by the Federal Inland Revenue Service.

Human Cloning :: Essays Papers

Human Cloning Cloning is the reproduction of an organism created non-sexually through the genetic material of another organism (â€Å"Human Cloning†). Although human cloning has not yet happened, many people believe that it should be banned because of ethics and morals involving unnatural birth. Certain religious groups believe that cloning is unethical because it takes over God’s role of creation. Cloning is a new idea to society, and just as in the past, advances in technology and medicine have scared people because of the risks involved. This has made it easy for society to want to avoid what might happen after the process of cloning has started. However, many people do not realize how cloning can positively affect their lives. Cloning is a tremendous technological breakthrough for this century and it is an inevitable advancement for the future. One of the major benefits offered through cloning is towards couples that cannot naturally conceive a child. There are over twelve million Americans at childbearing age who are infertile, which is major problem not only in the United States, but also throughout the world (Hoon). These couples have wasted valuable time and gone through much pain with infertility treatments. Even these treatments are not very dependable and cannot guarantee positive results, so couples are still left without children (â€Å"Benefits†). Cloning embryos allows a couple not only to have a child, but also allows them to pass on their genes (Brown). This solution would provide positive results for all of the infertile couples. This is one of the problems that millions of Americans will have solved through human cloning. Aside from infertile couples, there are many other problems that human cloning will solve for people. Doctors will be able to produce the exact copy of a peoples organs and even their skin (â€Å"Benefits†). This will be a miraculous event for burn victims and those who need organ transplants. Burned victims would be able to replace their skin with artificially produced replacement tissues (Hoon). Cloning organs would save the lives of the millions of Americans waiting for liver and kidney transplants, as well.

Improving Youth Roles in Poverty Reduction

IMPROVING YOUTH ROLES IN POVERTY ERADICATION Poverty is one of the biggest problems that is faced by almost every nation world wide, including Indonesia. It is a clinched problem that is influenced by various factor such as income rate, access to education, public health services, environmental issues, and another basic needs. Eradicating poverty has always been discussed in both regional and international meeting and conferences, yet there is no suitable approach can be found to fight against it.Indonesia, as a developing country in Asia, has more than thirty million people living under poverty line. Government has been trying to actuate many program that seemingly can reduce the number of poverty. It is essential to be perceived that poverty is not only individual problem, this is also considered as structural problem which means that it needs an integrated method and approach to handle it. Regarding this, government is not the only party that has responsibility to work on poverty eradication, it’s a must that the society be involved in.Talking about society participation in reducing poverty numbers, youth is the most potential element that has a role as the agent of changes that carries out social missions to better a country’s life. Young people need to play a key role in shaping the future of their nations and communities and yet they are often excluded from the decision making processes. They should be at the forefront of global change and innovation. Empowered, they can be key agents for development and peace. Youth has fresh, creative ideas and perspectives which can be very helpful in finding solutions to development problems.However, this is not going to run smoothly if young people has no concern about the future life of their country nor have any sense of belonging to the country which will be the obstacles to the government to succeed this approach. Attracting young people to actively and productively engaged in government program of empowerment is the prior task. This has to be started from a very early level of education, young people has to have a great empathy toward social issues. This feeling of empathy will bring them closer to concrete actions and efforts to fight against poverty.Youth can take a part in different ways, those are: 1) giving help in fundraising or charity event, this can help many lives to get better access to basic needs and provide them a better living standard, 2) conducting social projects related to poverty reduction, youth as social control can attempt many social projects in distinctive areas in order to help government works on society empowerment and address local development challenges in their communities, 3) contributing ideas and initiatives towards government policy, youth is the representative of the whole citizen can work together to find the best solution for fight against poverty and for sure build a strong relations between the state and society by collaborating with yo uth â€Å"champions† within government, 4) being a social entrepreneur, it is a sort of entrepreneur who runs a business whose profit is going to be allocated to the poor, 5) getting involved in youth organizations for change, this is kind of organizations which is being spread out around the globe, it helps young people develop their skills and awareness towards social and environmental issues and 6) advocacy, generally defined as an action for carrying out public interest, youth in advocacy can give important contribution in monitoring service provision at different levels.

Christic figure Essay

The character of Jefferson in Ernest Gaines’ A Lesson before Dying represents a figure upon whom the ridicule and disgraceful lot of his is cast. As a slow witted man, his handicap is treated as typical of his entire race, and this disability as compared to other men is used as a symbol of the inferiority of his whole race. Throughout his experience as an accused and a convict, he comes to realize that his impending death will be of great significance to his race. He realizes that however he chooses to handle this death, whether with dignity or dishonor, will serve to confer this quality upon his entire race. This places Jefferson in a situation that is akin to that in which Christ finds himself during his lifetime, and Jefferson might therefore be considered a Christic figure in the novel. Despite his humanity, Jefferson lays claim to having another nature. When described by his lawyer as being no more able to plot the crime than a hog might have been, Jefferson latches on to this idea and considers himself as not fully human but having the nature of a hog. This connects him to Christ as he too denied the human nature, claiming a more divine one as he walked on earth. Furthermore, just as Jefferson’s â€Å"hog-like† nature precluded his ability to plot and execute the heinous crime of which he is accused and convicted, so was Christ’s divine nature one that prevented him from having the ability to commit the sins of humanity for which he was convicted. Therefore, the connection between Jefferson and Christ might already be seen to be a strong one as they both lay claim to natures that are non-human and that do not admit of the wrongs for which they are falsely accused. Throughout the novel, Jefferson can be seen to reclaim his humanity, after being considered a hog—being called one in the courtroom—and then taking on the nature of the hog in his actions and through his own confessions. He begins to change from his usual dim-wittedness into a more conscious and cognitive being as he is encouraged to think and write the thoughts down in a journal. The reader begins to see his humanity shine through his debased aspect, very much like the humanity of Christ is evident despite his divine nature. Yet, though Jefferson’s humanity represents an elevation (and Christ’s is usually considered a demotion from his deity), Christ’s humanity, like Jefferson’s, might also be seen in a manner of elevation, the way he was elevated on the Cross. Throughout Jefferson’s time in prison, many more people came to visit him—and the visits increased as he neared his execution. This demonstrates his elevation to a place of note and celebrity, akin to that place Christ now has in the world because of his death. Another aspect of his character that connects him to Christ is Jefferson’s admission that he would like to be given a vat of ice-cream. This occurrence, fist of all, points toward the extent to which Jefferson has been denied the pleasures of humanity, as he admits that he has never been granted more than a thimble full of this substance. This might be compared to the way in which Christ denies himself many worldly pleasures in order to maintain his disconnection from the sinful human nature. Secondly, this request might also be compared to one of Christ’s last requests, where on the Cross he asks for some water to quench his thirst. Jefferson’s thirst might here be considered his lifelong deprival of this treat, and in this way both Christ and Jefferson seek to satisfy their thirst before dying. The writer of the novel places Jefferson in the situation of being a representative of his race. As a black man living in the south, Jefferson’s wrongful imprisonment demonstrates the lot of his fellow black persons, who lived in a perpetual state of imprisonment within their black skins and within a system that grants them few freedoms because of the color of this skin. The human race connects him to Christ in that Christ too was human but lay claim to a widely different nature. The Christic comparison continues with Grant’s attitude in Jefferson’s presence, in which at one time Grant repents of his former attitude of reluctance to aid the condition of his race. He also mentions a feeling of being lost, and this too is confessed in the presence of Jefferson. This can be seen as a comparison of Jefferson to Christ, as Christ’s divinity endows him with the power to cause humans to feel their need for a savior—in the same way that Grant feels that Jefferson has the ability to lead him toward salvation. Christ is also the main historical figure that has claimed the ability to elicit repentance, just as Grant has felt the need to repent in the presence of Jefferson. Furthermore, the death which Jefferson is to face is one that is to represent the punishment of his entire black race, and this represents a close comparison to the destiny of Christ, whose death was a representation of the punishment of the sins committed by the entire human race.

Types of Conflict in Literature (List #3) Essay Example

Types of Conflict in Literature (List #3) Essay Example Types of Conflict in Literature (List #3) Paper Types of Conflict in Literature (List #3) Paper Conflict a struggle between or among characters or forces in a story that creates the action of a plot (internal, external; character vs. character, character vs. self, character vs. nature, character vs. society) Internal Conflict (also known as, Character vs. Self) a problem or struggle within a character Example of Internal Conflict in Bystander Eric has a conflict within himself because he is struggling to accept and understand that his dad has a mental illness known as, schizophrenia. External Conflict a problem or struggle between a character and someone or something outside of the character Example of External Conflict In Bystander there is a conflict between Eric and Griffin because Eric does not agree with Griffins bullying behaviors, but he stays friends with him because Eric does not want Griffin to start bullying him. Character vs. Charcter Conflict (the good guy vs. the bad guy) a problem or struggle between two characters Example of a Character vs. Character Conflict In Bystander there is a conflict between Griffin and David Hallenback because Griffin bullies David both verbally and physically Character vs. Nature Conflict a problem between a character and something in nature Examples of Character vs. Nature Conflicts 1) A character struggles to survive in the wilderness alone. 2) A character struggles to save their self or their family from an erupting volcanoe 3) A fireman character struggles to save a boy from a burning building Character vs. Society Conflict A character has problems with the society that surrounds her/him. Examples of Character vs. Society Conflicts 1) A character doesnt fit in with the other kids at school 2) A girl character believes she has to look like the models on the magazine covers to be beautiful 3) A character is a criminal who is on the run from the police

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Australians

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the accessibility, acceptability and availability of public health care services among Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander of Australia. Despite improvements in health technology and the high quality of health services in Australia, this group continues to suffer health inequities. This is evident from high rate of chronic disease among Indigenous Australians. The disparities in health among non-indigenous and indigenous Australians arise from many factors including the difference in socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and geographical locations. This is evident from high rate of chronic disease among indigenous Australians. This report explores the barrier to the accessibility of adequate health care services and recommends solutions to improve acceptability of public health care services. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were the first inhabitants of Australia. They have distinct culture and social tradition separate from general population of Australia. The estimated population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people was 669,900 or 3% of the total population, the majority of whom resided in New South Wales and Queensland (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). They experience health inequity and poor health outcome due to their low socioeconomic status, psychosocial risk factors, poor standard of living and poor geographical location (Markwick, et al., 2014). Structural determinants of health relate to geographical accessibility, income status and affordability and acceptability factors that act as major barriers in access to health services for indigenous people (Germov, 2014, p. 76). Availability of health service means presence of appropriate health care resource relevant to the needs of the population. Equity of access is dependent on income and cultural setting of diverse population groups (Gulliford et al., 2016). Although the standard of health services in Australia is excellent, however the distribution of service is not uniform throughout Australia. As indigenous Australians resides in remote locations, the number of specialist physician decreases due to remoteness (Larkins et al., 2015). In urban areas too, the public health service are concentrated in those areas where people of high socio-economic status resides (Violà ¡n et al., 2014). Economic disadvantage among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is another cause of inaccessibility to health care services (Aspin et al., 2012, pp. 73-75). The unaffordability of health care services has led to high prevalence of health complex disease conditions such as kidney failure, circulatory disease and its associated comorbidity. For example study by (McDonald, 2013, pp. 170-173) revealed that current health disadvantage like kidney problem is linked to social disadvantage among indigenous Australians. The cultural sensitivity of a population is a crucial indicator for determining the level of availability and accessibility of health (Purnell, 2014). It also has impact on health promotion and screening activities (Chalmers et al., 2014, p. 111). Many factors inhibit the acceptability of health services. Firstly, due to their cultural beliefs, indigenous Australians have different concepts and understanding of illness (Thompson et al., 2013, p. 473). Due to lack of awareness and poor knowledge about disease and their morbidity, they avoid primary level of treatment and many chronic disease are diagnosed at later stage of disease (Frey et al., 2013, pp. 519-529). Secondly, reluctance to engage in care because of cultural beliefs has impact on the relation between indigenous people and health professionals. For example culture act as a barrier in effective communication between indigenous patients and health care providers. Such patients are more inclined to traditional method of curi ng disease than depending on scientific health service. Even if they access the service, they have little knowledge about diagnostic process and disease. This leads to conflict between as the expectation of health care providers and patient differs significantly (Dell’Arciprete et al., 2014). Hence instead of approaching health care service, they seek spiritual interventions. This attitude significantly affects the availability and accessibility of preventive health care service (Hunt et al., 2015, pp. 461-467). Lack of cross cultural communication influences the accessibility and acceptability of health service (Germov, 2014). The accessibility and acceptability of care is related to social acceptance of health service according to consumer’s cultural preferences. Many people have different tradition beliefs which act as a barrier in accepting health care service (Dillip et al., 2012). This is evident from the fact many aboriginals reported lack of trust in mainstream health care service because they felt their cultural preferences were not taken into account. Many times language act as a barrier between proper health discussion among indigenous Australians and non-indigenous health professionals (Shahid et al., 2013). Cross cultural miscommunication occurs when health professionals do not understand concerns or gestures of patients and the thought patterns of indigenous people. Due to this gap, therapeutic relationship is compromised and Aboriginal groups do not accept the available health service (Dell’Arciprete et al., 2014). Unavailability of care also occurs due to discrimination of indigenous groups on the basis of their race and poor social position. Racial discrimination significantly lead to deleterious health outcome in indigenous Australians (Cunningham & Paradies, 2013).   Health professional behaviour such as racist attitude, unwelcome comment and evil treatment also influences the indigenous people ability to access and accept mainstream health services (Price & Dalgleish, 2013). Many indigenous patients wanted health professionals to respect their personal choice, cultural preference and autonomy in receiving. But conflict arose due to lack of cultural awareness among health professionals leading to poor patient-physician relationship (Artuso et al., 2013, pp. 193). The health status of a population depends on physical availability of health service structure, their organization and functioning. In case of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people, health service is not uniformly distributed in their area (Willis et al., 2016).  Even if a health service is available, there is shortage of adequate medical staffs to treat disease and illness. Lack of transport is also a factor that hinders their access to care (Nilson et al., 2014, pp. 3394-3405). Due to remoteness of location, many professionals do wish to come to this area and with low-skilled physicians, the overall health outcome among this group is very poor (Durey & Thompson, 2012). Social justice principle is the key to address inequities in health due to social position. This principle enables giving high priority to socially disadvantaged group irrespective of their financial instability.   The uptake can be improved by following the principle of access, equity, rights and participation in social justice (Germov, 2014). After analysing the factors associated with lack of accessibility of mainstream health services in Aboriginal and Torres Islander people, the recommended ways to improve public health services includes the following: The first step is making affordable and high quality service available locally in the area of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people. Arrangement should be made for proper transport facilities to increase the pace of receiving care. Exhibiting flexibility in health care delivery is also important so that the process do not seem burdensome to indigenous groups (Paniagua, 2013). This also follows the right of equality according to social justice principle and by this step health service is distributed to needy person even if they do not the capability to pay for the costly service (Germov, 2014). Health care system also needs to address the cultural incompetence in medical staff through enhancing cultural awareness and developing holistic model of care (Kirmayer, 2012, p. 149). It is necessary to engage more number of indigenous health professionals to promote delivery of culturally safe care. This strategy promotes greater participation amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peo ple and therefore reflects social justice principles (). Health care staff should adopt cultural competence strategy such as understanding of cross-cultural communication style and providing treatment in such a way that their cultural obligation is not denied (Douglas et al., 2014). The disparities in health outcome between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians occur due to lack of accessibility and acceptability of health care services and poor socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, structural barriers and lack of cross-communication skills. The report brought into focus different issues that act as barrier in seeking care and provided recommendation to improve health care delivery. The main focus should be on adopting culturally appropriate health care service to enhance indigenous people’s trust on medical services.   Artuso, S., Cargo, M., Brown, A., & Daniel, M. (2013). Factors influencing health care utilisation among Aboriginal cardiac patients in central Australia: a qualitative study.  BMC Health services research,  13(1), 1, p. 193. Aspin, C., Brown, N., Jowsey, T., Yen, L., & Leeder, S. (2012). Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study.  BMC Health services research,  12(1), 1, pp. 73-75. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (June 2011). Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2011. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 9 October 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001 Chalmers, K. J., Bond, K. S., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., & Williams-Tchen, A. J. (2014). Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines.  International journal of mental health systems,8(1), p. 111 Doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-8-6. Cunningham, J., & Paradies, Y. C. (2013). Patterns and correlates of self-reported racial discrimination among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, 2008–09: analysis of national survey data.  International journal for equity in health,  12(1), 1. Dell’Arciprete, A., Braunstein, J., Touris, C., Dinardi, G., Llovet, I., & Sosa-Estani, S. (2014). Cultural barriers to effective communication between Indigenous communities and health care providers in Northern Argentina: an anthropological contribution to Chagas disease prevention and control.International journal for equity in health,  13(1), 1. Dell’Arciprete, A., Braunstein, J., Touris, C., Dinardi, G., Llovet, I., & Sosa-Estani, S. (2014). Cultural barriers to effective communication between Indigenous communities and health care providers in Northern Argentina: an anthropological contribution to Chagas disease prevention and control.International Journal For Equity In Health,  13(1), 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-6 Dillip, Angel, Sandra Alba, Christopher Mshana, Manuel W Hetzel, Christian Lengeler, Iddy Mayumana, Alexander Schulze, Hassan Mshinda, Mitchell G Weiss, and Brigit Obrist. 2012. "Acceptability – A Neglected Dimension Of Access To Health Care: Findings From A Study On Childhood Convulsions In Rural Tanzania".  BMC Health Services Research  12 (1). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-113. Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... & Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.  Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Doi: 10.1177/1043659614520998. Durey, A., & Thompson, S. C. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change focus.  BMC health services research,  12(1), 1. Frey, R., Gott, M., Raphael, D., Black, S., Teleo?Hope, L., Lee, H., & Wang, Z. (2013). ‘Where do I go from here’? A cultural perspective on challenges to the use of hospice services.  Health & social care in the community,  21(5), 519-529. Germov, J. (2014). Second opinion: an introduction to health sociology| NOVA. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository, 76. Gulliford M, et al. 2016. "What Does 'Access To Health Care' Mean? - Pubmed - NCBI".Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171751. Hunt, L., Ramjan, L., McDonald, G., Koch, J., Baird, D., & Salamonson, Y. (2015). Nursing students' perspectives of the health and healthcare issues of Australian Indigenous people.  Nurse education today,  35(3), 461-467. Kirmayer, L. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence.  Transcultural Psychiatry,  49(2), 149. Larkins, S., Woods, C. E., Matthews, V., Thompson, S. C., Schierhout, G., Mitropoulos, M., ... & Bailie, R. S. (2015). responses of aboriginal and Torres strait islander Primary health-care services to continuous Quality improvement initiatives.  Frontiers in public health,  3. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L., & McNeil, J. (2014). Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria.  International journal for equity in health,  13(1), 1. McDonald, S. P. (2013). End-stage kidney disease among Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Zealand.  Kidney international supplements,3(2), 170-173. Nilson, C., Kearing-Salmon, K. A., Morrison, P., & Fetherston, C. (2015). An ethnographic action research study to investigate the experiences of Bindjareb women participating in the cooking and nutrition component of an Aboriginal health promotion programme in regional Western Australia.  Public health nutrition,  18(18), 3394-3405. Paniagua, F. A. (2013).  Assessing and treating culturally diverse clients: A practical guide. Sage Publications. Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2013). Help-seeking among indigenous Australian adolescents: exploring attitudes, behaviours and barriers.  Youth Studies Australia,  32(1), 10. Purnell, L. D. (2014).  Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis. Shahid, S., Durey, A., Bessarab, D., Aoun, S. M., & Thompson, S. C. (2013). Identifying barriers and improving communication between cancer service providers and Aboriginal patients and their families: the perspective of service providers.  BMC health services research,  13(1), 460. Thompson, S. L., Chenhall, R. D., & Brimblecombe, J. K. (2013). Indigenous perspectives on active living in remote Australia: a qualitative exploration of the socio-cultural link between health, the environment and economics.  BMC Public Health,  13(1), 473. Violà ¡n, C., Foguet-Boreu, Q., Roso-Llorach, A., Rodriguez-Blanco, T., Pons-Viguà ©s, M., Pujol-Ribera, E., ... & Valderas, J. M. (2014). Burden of multimorbidity, socioeconomic status and use of health services across stages of life in urban areas: a cross-sectional study.  BMC Public Health,14(1), 1. Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).  Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Castration as a punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Castration as a punishment - Essay Example Castration is a method of punishment that involves the authorities chopping off the private parts of the offender. Various debates have existed on whether this method of punishment is fair and it is appropriate to go through several facts that show why it ought to continue. Many people have argued that this method of punishment is not fair for it involves messing with the body parts of a human being. This argument does not have much support for going through the areas that have passed this law; they pass it for it assists in punishing criminals who engage in uncouth activities such as rape (Goldin, 2013). When carrying out rape, the criminals get to mess with the private parts of innocent individuals and thus the reason why it is fair for the authorities to carry out the same type of punishment on the person. Another argument that can be used to show the fact that these people ought to be castrated is the issue of repeat offenders. Many cases exist where the person who carried out the raping crime carries out the same mistake again (Becker, 2012). After being caught and imprisoned for the first time, these people have the ability to feel as if they did not deserve the punishment and as a sign of rebellion may rape again. This matter has existed for a very long time. However, if a person is castrated after carrying out the crime for the first time, then there is no chance that he can carry out the crime again. Castration ought to be a sentencing option to the judges and this ids for the fact that when a person is sentenced to punishment of castration, he goes through much pain and suffering that may be effective enough to act as a warning to other people that may have had similar intentions. Moreover, this method of sentencing ensures that the offender does not carry out the crime again even after the release (Tracy, 2013). There are different cases that have come up over the